Other pages on biological control are:
Conservation biological control for stored product insects
Insecticide Resistant Natural Enemies
Natural enemies of Tribolium castaneum
Phthorimaea operculella natural enemies
Prevalence of naturally occurring natural enemies
Trichogramma natural enemies of stored-product insects
Many stored-product insect pests have natural enemies. Table 6.5 on pages 104-106 of the textbook, Fundamentals of Stored-Product Entomology, include 212 estimates from 40 studies of the percent parasitization/predation of 19 species of stored-product insect pest resulting from the presence of 13 species of natural enemies. Here, we cite 79 additional studies on percent parasitization/predation. These 118 studies investigate 108 natural enemy-pest combinations (* in front of reference indicates recent addition that is not included in this table). Studies on releases of Theocolax elegans against Rhyzopertha dominica (Flinn and Hagstrum 2001), Anisopteromalus calandrae against Stegobium paniceum and Xylocoris flavipes against Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum (Savoldelli et al. 2015) did not result in increased numbers of insect fragments in flour or semolina milled from wheat. Missere et al. 2023 noted that ham skipper pupates away from ham product avoiding some contamination by parasitized hosts.
In June 1968, Mathias Scholler and Sabine Prozell founded Biological Consultants selling parasitoids to organic food trade including farmers, wholesale retail trade, food processing industry and mills.
Lists of references for demonstration studies (16) that did not determine the percent parasitization but did demonstrate the effectiveness of biological control and for the ability of natural enemies to locate hosts (26) are also included. Finally, references reviewing (32) current usage of biological control are listed in chronological order.
Percent parasitization/predation:
Adarkwah, Charles, C. Büttner, C. Reichmuth, D. Obeng-Ofori, S. Prozell and M. Schöller 2010. Ability of the larval ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say, 1836) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to locate the rice moth Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton, 1865) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in bagged and bulk stored rice (Wirtsfindung des Larvalparasitoiden Habrobracon hebetor (Say, 1836) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in gesacktem und geschüttetem Reis gegenüber der Reismotte Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton, 1865) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)) Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 117 (2): 67–70. (92% reduction)
Adarkwah, C., D. Obeng-Ofori, C. Buettner, C. Reichmuth, and M. Schoeller. 2012. Potential of Lariophagus distinguendus (Forster) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to suppress the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in bagged and bulk stored maize. Biological Control 60: 175-181. (81% reduction)
Adarkwah, Charles and Matthias Schöller. 2012. Biological control of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by single and double releases of two larval parasitoids in bulk stored wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research 51: 1-5. (Habrobracon hebetor parasitized 39-66%, Venturia canescens parasitized 34-59%, a combination of both species parasitized 51-93% of Plodia interpunctella in 20 kilograms of wheat)
Adarkwah, C., C. Ulrichs, S. Schaarschmidt, B. K. Badii, I. K. Addai, D. Obeng-Ofori, and M. Schöller. 2014. Potential of Hymenopteran larval and egg parasitoids to control stored-product beetle and moth infestation in jute bags. Bull. Entomol. Res. 104: 534-542. (79% reduction of Corcyra cephalonica larvae by Venturia canescens)
Adarkwah, Charles, George Nyarko, Nelson Opoku, Benjamin K. Badii, Isaac K. Addai, Sabine Prozell, Christian Ulrichs, and Matthias Schöller. 2015. Effectiveness of the Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens Preventing Rice Moth from Infesting Stored Bagged Commodities. Journal of Stored Products Research 61: 102–7. (paper bags had 23.63 ± 3.02 larvae, treated boxes had 0.58 ± 0.88, jute bags not significantly different
Adarkwah, Charles, Daniel Obeng-Ofori, Emmanuel Opuni-Frimpong, Christian Ulrichs, and Matthias Scholler. 2019. Predator-Parasitoid-Host Interaction: Biological Control of Rhyzopertha dominica and Sitophilus oryzae by a Combination of Xylocoris Flavipes and Theocolax elegans in Stored Cereals. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 167 (2): 118–28. (In rice, combination 0.4% R. dominica emerged, compared to 1.6% with X. flavipes or T. elegans alone; combination 0.3% S. oryzae emerged, compared 57% emerged with X. flavipes alone and 37% with T. elegans alone; less effective on wheat or when both host species were present.)
Ahmed K. N. and Kabir S. M. H. 1995. Role of the ectoparasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in the suppression of Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica. Entomon 20: 175–182. (Anisopteromalus calandrae parasitized 21.7-53.0% of Sitophilus oryzae and 20.6-45.6% of Rhyzopertha dominica in 200 grams of wheat)
Ahmed, K.S. 1996. Studies on ectoparasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae How. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) as a biocontrol agent against the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab) in Saudi Arabia. J. Stored Prod. Res. 32:137-140. (Percentages of parasitism in the laboratory were 69.5, 43.3, 30.1, 16.8 and 0 on Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus granarius, Bruchus rufimanus, Trogoderma granarium and Oryzaephifus surinamensis. Anisopteromalus calandrae active in field from February to November reaching peak in July with 59.3% parasitism on Rhyzopertha dominica)
Amevoin, K., A. Sanon, M. Apossaba, I.A. Glitho. 2007. Biological control of bruchids infesting cowpea by the introduction of Dinarmus basalis (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) adults into farmers’ stores in West Africa. Journal of Stored Products Research 43: 240–247. (Dinarmus basalis parasitized 43.6-87.1% of Callosobruchus maculatus, Callosobruchus rhodesianusand Bruchidius atrolineatus population in 50-liter earthenware jars used by the local farming communities)
Auer, J., and A. Kassel. 2014. Braconid Wasps: A Biological Control Method for the Common Furniture Beetle, pp. 335-340. In G. Müller, R. Pospischil and W. H. Robinson (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Urban Pests, July 20 – 23, 2014, University of Zurich. OOK-Press Kft., H-8200 Veszprém, Papái ut 37/a, Hungary. (79% parasitism of Anobium punctatum by Spathius exarator)
Belda, C. and J. Riudavets. 2012. Reproduction of the Parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) and Lariophagus distinguendus (Förster) on Arenas Containing a Mixed Population of the Coleopteran Pests Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica. Journal of Pest Science 85(3): 381–85. (L. distinguendus decreased S. oryzae more than A. calandrae, similar effectiveness R. dominca)
Benkhellat, O., J. P. Monge, and A. Moali. 2015. The use of the parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae and Lariophagus distinguendus for the control of the cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. IOBC-WPRS Bulletin 111: 395-399 (Anisopteromalus calandrae was more effective parasitizing Callosobruchus maculatus (12.2-52.3%) than was Lariophagus distinguendus (8.7-28.1%))
Berger, Andreas, Thomas Degenkolb, Andreas Vilcinskas, and Matthias Schöller 2017. Evaluating the combination of a parasitoid and a predator for biological control of seed beetles (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) in stored beans. Journal of Stored Products Research 74: 22-26.
Berreen, J. 1976. Analysis of Feeding in Cheyletus eruditus a Predator of Storage Mites. Annals of Applied Biology 82(1): 190–192. (up to 47-77% Acarus siro killed)
Biswas, L., W. Islam, and K. A. M. S. H. Mondal. 2004. Potentiality of Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) and Choetospila elegans (Westwood) against the Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus). Journal of Biological Control 18 (2): 141-145. (Parasitization of S. oryzae in bags by A. calandrae ranged from 3.2 to 90.6% and by Theocolax elegans ranged from 2.1 to 75.1%)
Brower, J. H. 1991. Potential host range and performance of a reportedly monophagous parasitoid, Pteromalus cerealellae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Entomological News 102 (5): 231–235. (10.2% Callosobruchus analis, 66.9% Callosobruchus chinensis, 96.6% Callosobruchus maculatus, 59.3% Callosobruchus rhodesianus, 15.5% Lasioderma serricorne, 59.7% Prostephanus truncatus, 26.2% Rhyzopertha dominica, 66% Sitophilus granarius, 7.8% Sitophilus oryzae, 14.7% Sitophiilus zeamais, 12.8% Stegobium paniceum parasitized)
Canevari, C. d. C., F. Rezende, L. R. D. A. Faroni, J. E. Serrao, S. C. Papadopoulou, J. C. Zanuncio, and C. T. Buchelos. 2011. Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Astigmata: Acaridae) as biological control agent for Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) larvae. IOBC/wprs Bulletin 69: 205-208. (Tyrophagus putrescentiae reduced Lasioderma serricorne population by 54-78%)
Castañé, C., Riudavets, J., 2015. Sampling arthropod pests and natural enemies in stored barley. J. Stored Prod. Res. 64, 54-61 (Anisopteromalus calandrae was released twice in one of the piles reducing Sitophilus granarius to half)
Chaisaeng, P., W. Chongrattanameteekul, P. Visarathanonth, and B. Vajarasathiara. 2010. Laboratory studies on control of the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais by the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae. Scienceasia 36: 6-11. (Anisopteromalus calandrae reduced Sitophilus zeamais population by 55-80% on 500 grams of milled rice.)
Cortesero, AM, JP Monge, and J. Huignard. 1997. Dispersal and Parasitizing Abilities of Eupelmus vuilleti (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) within a Column of Cowpea Seeds. Environmental Entomology 26 (5): 1025–1030.
Damte, Tebkew, and Geteneh Mitiku. 2020. The Effect of Lentil-Tef Mixture on Occurrence of Adzuki Bean Beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis) and its Natural Enemy in Stored Lentil. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 30(2): 109-118. (Natural populations of Anisopteromalus calandrae and Dinarmus basalis together parasitized 18% to 66% of Callosobruchus chinensis)
De Oliveira, C. R. F., L. R. D’A Faroni, R. N. C. Guedes, A. Pallini, and J. Goncalves. 2002. Parasitism of Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross&Krantz) (prostigmata: acarophenacidae) on Dinoderus minutus (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) (Parasitismo de Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross & Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) sobre Dinoderus minutus (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)). Neotropical Entomology 31: 245-248. (Acarophenax lacunatus parasitized 45.5% of larvae and 59.7% of adult Dinoderus minutus)
De Oliveira, C. R. F., L. R. D. Faroni, R. N. C. Guedes, A. Pallini, and J. R. Goncalves. 2006. Parasitism of the mite Acarophenax lacunatus on Tribolium castaneum. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 41: 1059-1061. (Acarophenax lacunatus reduced Tribolium castaneum population by 42.5-85% on 25 grams of broken wheat)
De Oliveira, C., L. Faroni, R. Guedes, and A. Pallini. 2003. Parasitism by the mite Acarophenax lacunatus on beetle pests of stored products. Biocontrol 48: 503-513. (Acarophenax lacunatus did not attack Oryzaephilus surinamensis eggs, but reduced Cryptolestes ferrugineus population by 26%, Rhyzopertha dominica population by 61% and Tribolium castaneum population by 53% on 25 grams of broken wheat)
Dongre, T., R. Hire, and A. Sahasrabudhe. 2004. Efficiency of parasitoid, Dinarmus vagabundus (Timberlake) in inhibiting the multiplication of stored grain pest, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in stored mungbeans. Journal of Food Science and Technology-Mysore 41(5): 536-539. (Dinarmus vagabundus parasitized 71-91% of Callosobruchus maculatus on mungbeans)
El-Gawad, Hany A.S. Abd, El-Aziz, A. and Sayed, A.M., 2009. Effect of releasing the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on certain coleopteran stored products beetles in Egypt. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology 2(2): 211-219 (A. calandrae reduced the monthly rate of increase of Callosobruchus on faba bean at rates between 35.20 and 42.14%. On wheat, monthly rate of increase of R. dominica and S. oryzae were reduced at rates between 29.05 and 46.80%.)
El-Nenaey, Hassan Mohamed Ahmed 1992. The distribution of certain predacious mites and their role in balance of some insect populations. PhD diss., Menoufia University, Egypt. (Blattisocius keegani killed 7.03 Phthorimaea operculella eggs/d for total 73.1)
Faroni, L. R. D’A., R. N. C. Guedes and A. L. Matioli. 2000. Potential of Acarophenax lacunatus (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) as a biological control agent of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 36: 55-63. (According to De Olivera 2006, Acarophenax lacunatus reduced Rhyzopertha dominica population by 40-94% on 420 grams of wheat in this study.)
Flinn, Paul W., and David W. Hagstrum. 2001. Augmentative releases of parasitoid wasps in stored wheat reduces insect fragments in flour. Journal of Stored Products Research 37(2): 179-186.
Gredilha, R., A. R. Carvalho, A. F. Lima and R. P. Mello. 2006. Parasitismo de Anisopteromalus calandrae Howard, 1881 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) sobre formas imaturas de Lasioderma serricorne Fabricius, 1792 (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) na cidade do Rio De Janeiro, RJ. Arq. Inst. Biol., São Paulo, 73(4): 489-491. (Anisopteromalus calandrae parasitized 84.6% of Lasioderma serricorne in pet food bags)
Grieshop, Matthew J., Paul W. Flinn and James R. Nechols. 2006. Biological Control of Indianmeal Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on Finished Stored Products Using Egg and Larval Parasitoids. J. Econ. Entomol. 99(4): 1080-1084. (Habrobracon hebetor parasitized 42-72%, Trichogramma deion parasitized 0-87% and a combination of both species parasitized 54-97% of Plodia interpunctella in 100 grams cornmeal)
Grieshop, M.J., Flinn, P.W., Nechols, J.W., Campbell, J.F., 2006. Effects of shelf architecture and parasitoid release height on biological control of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs by Trichogramma deion (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 99: 2202-2209. (Trichogramma deion parasitized 12.8-68.9% of Plodia interpunctella inside and outside packages)
Grieshop, M.J., Flinn, P.W., Nechols, J.R., Schöller, M., 2007. Host foraging success of three species of Trichogramma in simulated retail environments. Journal of Economic Entomology 100: 591–598. (Trichogramma deion parasitized 39-68.9%, Trichogramma ostriniae parasitized 5-43.9% and Trichogramma pretiosum parasitized 5.3-41% of Plodia interpunctella on sentinel egg cards)
Grieshop, Matthew J., Paul W. Flinn, James R. Nechols and James F. Campbell. 2008. Effects of fine-grain habitat complexity on egg parasitism by three species of Trichogramma. Biological Control 45: 328–336. (Trichogramma deion parasitized 29.5-57.5%, Trichogramma ostriniae parasitized 18.5-32.7% and Trichogramma pretiosum parasitized 22.2-41.5% of Plodia interpunctella in 5 grams flour or 7.5 grams millet; Trichogramma deion parasitized 15.8-65.8%, Trichogramma ostriniae parasitized 11.7-31.7% and Trichogramma pretiosum parasitized 15.8-39.2% of Plodia interpunctella on sentinel egg cards)
Guo, Yafei, Jianhua Lu, Jianhua Guo, Jiaqin Xi, and Chao Guo. 2021. Control Potential of Anisopteromalus Calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) against Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 93, 101820 (one female A. calandrae in a 55 ml glass vial containing 15 six-week-old mature larvae of L. serricorne parasitied 93.33%)
Hansen, L. S. 2007. Biocontrol potential of Lariophagus distinguendus (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) against Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) at low temperatures: Reproduction and parasitoid-induced mortality. J. Econ. Entomol. 100: 1011-1016. (Lariophagus distinguendus parasitized 42-70% of Sitophilus granarius in 50-80 kernels of wheat)
Hansen, L. S., and T. Steenberg. 2007. Control of Sitophilus granarius in grain using a combination of parasitoids and entomopathogenic fungi-preliminary results. In Proceedings, Meeting: IOBC Working Group on “Integrated protection of stored products”, 20-23 September, Prague, Czech Republic. IOBC/wprs Bull. 30(2): 21-23. (Anisopteromalus calandrae parasitized 99.4% and Lariophagus distinguendus parasitized 99.96% Sitophilus granarius in 9 kg wheat)
Helbig, J. 1999. Efficacy of Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (Het., Anthocoridae) to suppress Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Col., Bostrichidae) in traditional maize stores in southern Togo. J. Appl. Ent. 123: 503-508. (Xylocoris flavipes reduced Prostephanus truncatus populations by 57.6%)
Heong, KL. 1981. Searching Preference of the Parasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) for Different Stages of the Host, Callosobruchus maculatus (F) in the Laboratory. Researches on Population Ecology 23 (1): 177–191. Parasitation of pupae by A. calandrae decreased from 100% with 1 host to 40% with 50 hosts and parasitazitation of 4th instar larvae from 100% with 1 host to 30% with 50 hosts. Parasitation was lower for 3rd instar larvae.
Heong, K. L. 1982. Functional responses of Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard), A parasitoid of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). MARDI Research Bulletin 10 (1): 15–25. Parasitation of pupae by A. calandrae decreased from 100% with1 host to 36% with 50 hosts and parasitazitation of 4th instar larvae from 100% with 1 host to 26% with 50 hosts. Parasitation was lower for 3rd instar larvae.
Iloba, B. N., S. B. A. Umoetok, and S. Keita. 2007. The Biological Control of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) by Dinarmus basalis (Rendani) on Stored Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata Walp) Seeds. Research Journal of Applied Sciences 2 (4): 397–399 (88.22- 99.41 % Callosobruchus maculatus larval mortality with Dinarmus basalis compared to 25.03% in control)
Islam, N., W. Islam and K. A. M. S. H. Mondal. 2003. Suppression of residual populations of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) by parasitoid Dinarmus basalis (Rond.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Bangladesh J. Entomol. 13: 103-110. (Dinarmus basalis reduced Callosobruchus maculatus populations by 52-100% on black gram residue in a room. Reduction varied from 19-29% with black gram in polythene bags and 76-91% with black gram in cotton or jute bags.)
Iturralde-Garcia, R.D., C. Castane, and J. Riudavets 2020. Biological Control of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Stored Chickpeas through the Release of Natural Enemies. Biological Control 149, 104322 (Anisopteromalus calandrae and Lariophagus distinguendus reduced Callosobruchus chinensis larval population by more than 90% parasitizing host at depths of 40, 100, and 150 cm. Blattisocius tarsalis did not consume C. chinensis eggs.)
Iturralde-García, Rey D., Cristina Castañé, Francisco J. Wong-Corral, and Jordi Riudavets. 2020. Biological control of Acanthoscelides obtectus and Zabrotes subfasciatus in stored dried beans. BioControl 65(6): 693-701 (Blattisocius tarsalis and Amblyseius swirskii reduced A. obtectus eggs by more than 60%. Anisopteromalus calandrae and Lariophagus distinguendus were both moderately effective with 34–38% reduction. A. calandrae combined with B. tarsalis gave 81% reduction. Neither B. tarsalis nor A. swirskii were able to prey on Z. subfasciatus eggs. Only the parasitoid A. calandrae was moderately effective (39% reduction) at supressing Z. subfasciatus)
Kousar, T., Zaib-un-Nisa Memon, H. A., 2022. Infestation instability and parasitism of Saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) on prominent dry and semi-dry date fruits. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 26: 510–530. Reported 17.25 to 27.35% parasitism of Oryzaephilus surinamensis on five date varieties.
Loko, Y. L., A. D. Djagoun, E. A. Dannon, B. Datinon, A. Dansi, A. A. Thomas-Odjo, and M. Tamo. 2017. Functional Response of the Predators Alloeocranum Biannulipes (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and Teretrius Nigrescens (Coleoptera: Histeridae) Feeding on Dinoderus Porcellus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) Infesting Yam Chips. Environmental Entomology 46 (1): 84–91. T. nigrescens (15-40%) killed more larvae of D. porcellus than A. biannulipes (10-36%), no significant difference pupae (20-30%)
Loko, Y. L. E., D. M. Gavoedo, J. Toffa, A. Orobiyi, A. Thomas-Odjo, and M. Tamo. 2019. Life Table of the Predator Alloeocranum biannulipes Montrouzier and Signoret (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and a Test of Its Ability to Suppress Populations of Dinoderus Porcellus Lesne (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in Stored Yam Chips. Biological Control 130 : 60–69. (D. porcellus mortality increased from 82% at 1/30 predatory/prey ratio to 98% at 1/10)
Loko, Yêyinou Laura Estelle, Onzo, A., Datinon, B., Akogninou, L., Toffa, J., Dannon, E. and Tamo, M. 2020. Population dynamics of the predator Alloeocranum biannulipes Montrouzier and Signoret (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) feeding on the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), infesting cassava chips. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 30, 1-12. (effectively control P. truncatus larvae at low densities and pupae both at low and high densities)
Mahal, N.; Islam, W.; Parween, S.; Mondal, K.A.M.S.H. 2005. Effect of Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymentoptera: Pteromalidae) in controlling residual populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae in wheat stores. Intern. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 25(4): 245–250. (Anisopteromalus calandrae parasitized 48.8-83.5% of Rhyzopertha dominica in bulk wheat and 275 grams of wheat in bags)
McNally, Alfred Gordon 1932. The biology of Lariophagus distinguendus Foerster a Hymenopterous parasite of the grain and rice weevils. MA thesis, University of Western Ontario, Canada (Natural parasite populations parasitized 21% of Sitophilus granarius and S. oryzae granary populations in 27% of 3000 kernels. In a second examination over a year later, 85% of 3000 kernels were infested and parasitism was 32%.)
*Missere, Diletta, Antonio Martini, and Giovanni Burgio. 2023. Evaluation of Pachycrepoideus vindemiae and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) as biological control agents of Piophila casei (Diptera: Piophilidae) in ham production facilities. Journal of Insect Science 23(5), 12. Both parasitoids decreased densities of P. casei pupae by as much as 75%, but much of this may be due to host feeding. Because host pupates away from ham product contamination is avoided.
Murata, M., Imamura, T. and Miyanoshita, A. 2007. Suppression of the stored-product insect Tribolium confusum by Xylocoris flavipes and Amphibolus venator. Journal of Applied Entomology 131: 559–563 (Xylocoris flavipes 96.9%, Amphibolus venator 76.2%, both 95.6%)
Murata, M., T. Imamura, and A. Miyanoshita. 2016. Suppression of the Stored-Product Pest Sitophilus Zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by Simultaneous Release of a Predatory Bug and a Parasitoid Wasp. Biocontrol Science and Technology 26 (6): 872–876. Amphibolus venator 65.6%, Theocolax elegans 39.5%, both 92%
Na, J.H., Y.S. Chun and M.I. Ryoo. 2005. Suppression of Indian meal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by iterative mass release of Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in wheat elevators. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 44: 237-241 (70% reduction)
Nielsen, Per Sejerø 2003. Predation by Blattisocius tarsalis (Berlese) (Acari : Ascidae) on Eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 39(4): 395–400. (killed 2.7 to 7.0 eggs/day at 3 to 15 egg densities )
Nishi, A., T. Imamura, A. Miyanoshita, S. Morimoto, K. Takahashi, P. Visarathanonth, R. Kengkanpanich, ME Shazali, and K. Sato. 2004. Predatory Abilities of Amphibolus venator (Klug) (Hemiptera : Reduviidae), a Predator of Stored-Product Insect Pests. Applied Entomology and Zoology 39 (2): 321–326. (An adult A. venator can kill up to 14 larvae, 9 pupae or 7 adults Tribolium confusum per day)
Ngamo, T. S. L., H. Kouninki, Y. D. Ladang, M. B. Ngassoum, P. M. Mapongmestsem, and T. Hance. 2007. Potential of Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) as biocontrol agent of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleopetera: Bruchidae). African Journal of Agricultural Research 2: 168-172. (Callosobruchus maculatus population was reduced 4.97% by one female and 42.34% by four female Anisopteromalus calandrae.)
Odjo, T. A. A. and Gaspar, C. 1994. Biological control of Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) using Dinarmus basalis Rond. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Mededelingen Faculteit L and bouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen Universite it Gent, Belgium 59: 451-456 (Adding nine imago (six females and three males) Dinarmus basalis to cowpea containing only 5 percent of seeds infested with C. maculatus larvae and pupae reduced pest by 93%)
Patel, R. C., D. N. Yadav and P. U. Saramma 1982. Bracon hebator say infesting laboratory culture of Corcyra cephalonica St. and its effectiveness in warehouse stacked with jowar. Gujarat Agricultural University Research Journal 7(2): 121–123. Bracon hebetor parasitized 73-93% of Corcyra cephalonica larvae in warehouse.
Perez-Mendoza, J., J. Baker, F. Arthur, and P. Flinn. 1999. Effects of protect-it on efficacy of Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) parasitizing rice weevils (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) in wheat. Environ. Entomol. 28: 529-534. (Anisopteromalus calandrae reduced Sitophilus oryzae population by 67.6-76.3% on 20 grams of wheat.)
Prozell, S. and M. Schöller. 1998. Insect fauna of a bakery, processing organic grain and applying Trichogramma evanescens Westwood. In Integrated Protection of Stored Products. IOBC/wprs Bulletin 21: 39-44. (Trichogramma evanescens parasitized 80% of Ephestia kuehniella)
Qumruzzaman, A.H.M.; Islam, W. 2005. Interaction between Dinarmus basalis and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) ad different parasitoid densities on Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Intern. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 25 (1): 6–11. (Dinarmus basalis parasitized 21.4-91.0%, Anisopteromalus calandrae parasitized 19-67.2% and a combination of both species parasitized 18.9-82.5% of Callosobruchus chinensis in 125 grams of lentil)
Rahman, M. M., and W. Islam. 2006. Influence of Temperature on Plastanoxus Westwoodi (Kieffer)(Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), an Ectoparasitoid of Red Flat Grain Beetle Cryptolestes Pusillus (Schon.)(Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Pakistan Entomologist 28: 39–44. (Maximum progeny/ female 41.35 at 25°C)
Rahman, M. M., W. Islam, and K. N. Ahmed. 2009. Functional Response of the Predator Xylocoris flavipes to Three Stored Product Insect Pests. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 11 (3): 316–320. (attacked by predator females were greater than those attacked by predator males on Tribolium confusum, T. castaneum and Cryptolestes pusillus)
Rahman, M. M., W. Islam, and K. N. Ahmed. 2009. Potentiality of Plastanoxus westwoodi (Kieffer) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) against flat grain beetle, Cryptolestes pusillus (Schoenherr) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Journal of Biological Control 23(2): 111-114. (Plastanoxus westwoodi reduced Cryptolestes pusillus by at least 43.08% even when only 5 mated females were introduced and by 81.31% when 50 mated females were introduced)
Rahman, Md Moshfikur, and W. Islam. 2019. Temperature and Host Dependent Functional Response of Anisopteromalus calandrae (How.) and Choetospila Elegans (Westw.) Parasitods in Parasitizing Wheat Infesting Rhyzopertha Dominica (F.)(Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 47 (1): 41–47. Maximum parasitization A. calandrae was 8.6 larvae/24 hrs, C. elegans 7.2 larvae/24 hrs
Rezk, H. A. 2000. Mites Associated with Stored Dried-Dates in Egypt and the Role of Blattisocius keegani Fox as a Biological Control Agent. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research 45: 179-191. (killed 2.65 Tyrophagus putrescentiae/d and 1.83 Blomia freemani/d for total 40.7 and 35.9)
Sanon, A., C. Dabire, A. P. Ouedraogo, and J. Huignard. 2005. Contrôle biologique des populations de Callosobruchus maculatus F.(Coléoptère: Bruchinae) par deux espèces sympatriques de parasitoïdes, Dinarmus basalis Rond. et Eupelmus vuilleti Crw. Belgian Journal of Entomology 7: 57-69. (Dinarmus basalis parasitized 80% Callosobruchus maculatus)
Savoldelli, Sara, Daria Patrizia Locatelli, Luciano Süss, and Lidia Limonta. 2015. Can Biological Control Affect the Number of Fragments in Processed Food? IOBC-WPRS Bulletin 111: 355–359.
Schmale, I., FL Wackers, C. Cardona, and S. Dorn. 2006. Biological Control of the Bean Weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Col.: Bruchidae), by the Native Parasitoid Dinarmus basalis (Rondani) (Hym.: Pteromalidae) on Small-Scale Farms in Colombia. Journal of Stored Products Research 42(1): 31–41. (When Acanthoscelides obtectus larvae were in early instars in field samples, natural populations of Dinarmus basalis reduced weevil populations by 88–97%)
Schöller, Matthias 2000. Forager in the rye: Biological control of Ephestia elutella in bulk grain. IOBC Bulletin 23 (10): 149-159. (Habrobracon hebetor parasitized 34.3- 84.6 % and Trichogramma evanescens parasitized 31.4% of Ephestia elutella)
Schöller, M., M. S. A. Hassan and C. Reichmuth. 1996. Efficacy assessment of Trichogramma evanescens and T. embryophagum (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) for control of stored product moth pests in bulk wheat. Entomophaga 41: 125-132. (Trichogramma evanescens parasitized 67-78% and Trichogramma embryophagum parasitized 27-38.8% of Ephestia elutella)
Schöller, Matthias, and Sabine Prozell. 2005. Natural enemies to control stored-product pests in grain stores and retail stores. p. 85-106. In Proceedings of the international workshop on Implementation of biocontrol in practice in temperate regions—present and near future. (Trichogramma evanescens parasitize 65.3-100% of sentinel eggs.)
Shojaei, S., Safaralizadeh, M.H. and Shayesteh, N. 2006. Effect of temperature on the functional response of Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to various densities of the host, Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Pak. Entomol. 28: 51-55 (Parasitation of 40 to 60%)
Sing, Sharlene E., and Richard T. Arbogast. 2008. Optimal Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae) Density and Time of Introduction for Suppression of Bruchid Progeny in Stored Legumes. Environmental Entomology 37(1): 131–142. (Suppression of Acanthoscelides obtectus approached eradication; Callosobruchus analis, C. chinensis, C. maculatus, and Zabrotes subfasciatus similar 50% reduction of emerging F1; most effective when X. flavipes is added as soon as possible afterlegumes are stored.)
Sing, Sharlene E., and Richard T. Arbogast. 2008. Predatory Response of Xylocoris Flavipes to Bruchid Pests of Stored Food Legumes. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 126(2): 107–14. (40 first instars or 10–20 eggs per 24 h)
Sola, M., J. Riudavets, and C. Castane. 2020. Control of Rhyzopertha dominica and Sitophilus zeamais in Stored Rice with Different Release Rates of the Larval Parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae. Entomologia Generalis 40 (3): 323–30. (up to 99% reduction both species)
Sood, Seema, H. R. Pajni, and P. K. Tewari. 2003. Performance of Uscana mukerjii (Mani) for the Control of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) and Allied Bruchid Species. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 41: 905–908. (59% C. maculatus, 44.5% C analis, 37.4% C chinensis, 30.7% Zabrotes subfasciatus eggs parasitized)
Thakur, D. R. 2006. Uscana femoralis, an Egg Endoparasitoid for Biocontrol of Callosobruchus theobromae (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 75 (1): 3–9. (22% eggs parasitized)
Tuncbilek, A. S., U. Canpolat, and F. Sumer. 2008. Studies on storage, release and host finding of Trichogramma evanescens to control Ephestia kuehniella. IOBC/wprs Bulletin 40: 171-179. (Trichogramma evanescens parasitized 50% of Ephestia kuehniella in flour mill)
Visarathanonth, P., R. Kengkanpanich, J. Uraicheun, and J. Thongpan. 2010. Suppression of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky by the ectoparasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard), pp. 755-759. In M. O. Carvalho, P. G. Fields, C. S. Adler, F. H. Arthur, C. G. Athanassiou, J. F. Campbell, F. Fleurat-Lessard, P. W. Flinn, R. J. Hodges, A. A. Isikber, S. Navarro, R. T. Noyes, J. Riudavets, K. K. Sinha, G. R. Thorpe, B. H. Timlick, P. Trematerra and N. D. G. White (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 27 June-2 July 2010, Estoril, Portugal. Julius Kühn-Institut, Berlin, Germany. (Anisopteromalus calandrae reduced Sitophilus zeamais by 94.6-97.3% in 25 kilogram sacks of rice and by 98 % on 200 grams of rice with monthly releases over a year.)
Younes, Alya, and Heba M. Hamama. 2008. Life History and Predation of the Mite, Blattisocius Keegani Fox (Acari-Ascidae) on Eggs of Ephestia Kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Bulletin of the Entomological Society Egypt 85: 225–232. (Female killed 2.5 to 6.4 eggs/d as egg density increased from 5 to 30, total 79.8 at density 15 eggs)
Zhu, Peipei, Yuxiang Fan, Weifen Mo, Tianrong Xin, Bin Xia, and Zhiwen Zou. 2019. Functional response of adult Cheyletus malaccensis (Acari: Cheyletidae) to different developmental stages of Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Acari: Acaridae). Journal of Stored Products Research 84, 101525 (female C. malaccensis consumed maximum 135 larva)
Demonatration studies:
Adler, C., M. Schöller, and S. Beier. 2012. Development of insects in a flour mill treated with Holepyris sylvanidis (Hym., Bethylidae) for biological control of the confused flour beetle,Tribolium confusum (Col., Tenebrionidae). IOBC-WPRS Bulletin 81:169-170.
Amevoin, K., I. A. Glitho, Y. Nuto, and J. P. Monge. 2006. Population dynamics of natural bruchids and their larval and pupae parasitoids in experimental cowpea storage in Guinean zone. Tropicultura. AGRIOverseas, Brussels, Belgium 24: 45-50.
Huis, A. van, F.A.N. van Alebeek, M. van Es and S.B. Sagnia. 2002. Impact of the egg parasitoid Uscana lariophaga and the larval-pupal parasitoid Dinarmus basalis on Callosobruchus maculatus populations and cowpea losses. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 104: 289-297.
Kraaz, I., B. Meierhofer, D. Fassbind, G. S. Wyss and D. Zigg. 2011. The use of beneficial insects against stored product pests- results and experience from three years of field tests in Switzerland. IOBC/wprs Bulletin 69: 209.
Meierhofer, Brigitte, Fassbind, D., Brand, S., Kraaz, I., Zingg, D., & Wyss, G. S. 2008. Experiences with beneficial insects for pest control in storage buildings and processing units. IOBC/wprs Bulletin 40: 155-159.
Norris, J. D. 1958. Observations on the control of mite infestations in stored wheat by Cheyletus spp. (Acarina, Cheyletidae). Ann. Appl. Biol. 46(3): 411-422
Pezzini, Cleder, Kassia Cristina Freire Zilch, Simone Mundstock Jahnke, and Andreas Kohler. 2023. Effect of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Release on Moth Infestation in Stored Tobacco. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 66, e23220278. Average number of adults of Ephestia spp. captured in the traps in tests with H. hebetor releases at farmers and industry level was significantly lower than the average captured in tests without H. hebetor releases from the third and fifth weeks. In the following weeks, the averages of Ephestia spp. were always significantly lower in the tests with H. hebetor.
Plarre, R., K. Lieber, W.Burkholder, J. Phillips. 1999. Host and host instar preference of Apanteles carpatus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) a possible parasitoid for biological control of clothes moths (Lepidoptera: Tineidae). J. Stored Products Research 35: 197-213. (Apanteles carpatus released in rug store against Tineola bisselliella. Parasites alone did not control moths, but parasites and sanitation did.)
Prozell, S. and M. Schöller. 2003. Five years of biological control of stored-product moths in Germany. p. 322-324. In Credland, P.F., Armitage, D.M., Bell, C.H., Cogan, P.M. & Highley, E. eds Advances in Stored Product Protection. Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 22.-26. July 2002, York, United Kingdom.
Pulpan, J. and P. H. Verner. 1965. Control of tyroglyphoid mites in stored grain by the predatory mite Cheyletus eruditus (Schank). Can. J. Zool. 43: 417-432. (25 out 28 releases successful against Acarus siro and Glycyphagus destructor in grain stores.)
Querner, Pascal,and Stephan Biebl. 2012. Using parasitoid wasps in Integrated Pest Management in museums against biscuit beetle (Stegobium paniceum) and webbing clothes moth (Tineola bisselliella). Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 43(2): 169-175.
Querner, Pascal, Elke Oberthaler, and Monika Strolz. 2019. Biological Pest Control of a Biscuit Beetle (Stegobium paniceum) Infestation in an Old Masters Paintings Storage Area. Studies in Conservation 64(7): 373-380.
Sanon, A., C. Dabire, A. P. Ouedraogo, and J. Huignard. 2005. Biological control of Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) populations by two sympatric parasitoid species, Dinarmus basalis Rond. and Eupelmus vuilleti Crw. Belgian J. Entomol. 7: 57-69.
Soundararajan, R. P., Chitra, N., Geetha, S., & Poorani, J. (2012). Biological control of bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in blackgram. Journal of Biopesticides, 5: 192-195
Zaghloul, O. A., and A. K. Mourad. 1998. Studies on the egg-parasitoid, Uscana lariophaga Steffan (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), with reference to its role in the assessment of cowpea losses due to Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in Egypt. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Univer. Gent. 63: 441-453.
Zdarkova, E. and E. Horak. 1990. Preventive biological control of stored food mites in empty stores using Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank). Crop Protection 9: 378–382.
Mobility Natural Enemies:
Belda, C. and J. Riudavets 2010. Distribution of insect pests and their natural enemies in a barley pile. p. 741-745. In Carvalho, M.O.; Fields, P.G.; Adler, C.S.; Arthur, F.H.; Athanassiou, C.G.; Campbell, J.F.; Fleurat-Lessard, F.; Flinn, P.W.; Hodges, R.J.; Isikber, A.A.; Navarro, S.; Noyes, R.T.; Riudavets, J.; Sinha, K.K.; Thorpe, G.R.; Timlick, B.H.; Trematerra, P.; White, N.D.G. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 27 June to 2 July 2010, Estoril, Portugal. Julius Kühn-Institut Berlin, Germany. Three species of natural enemies (Anisopteromalus calandrae, Cephalonomia waterstoni, Withius piger) were occasionally found in the deepest samples, thus, they were able to penetrate around 80-cm deep in the grain searching for their hosts.
Brower J. H. 1990. Host location ability of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley in inshell peanuts under laboratory conditions. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 7: 265-273.
Cortesero, A., J. Monge and J. Huignard. 1997. Dispersal and parasitizing abilities of Eupelmus vuilleti (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) within a column of cowpea seeds. Environ. Entomol. 26: 1025-1030. (Bruchidius atrolineatus)
Collatz, Jana and Johannes LM Steidle. 2008. Hunting for moving hosts: Cephalonomia tarsalis, a parasitoid of free-living grain beetles. Basic and Applied Ecology 9(4): 452-457.
Desouhant E, Driessen G, Wielaard B, Lapchin L, Bernstein C 2003. Dispersal between host populations in field conditions: navigation rules in the parasitoid Venturia canescens. Ecol Entomol 28: 257–267.
Desouhant, Emmanuel, Patrice Lucchetta, David Giron and Carlos Bernstein. 2010. Feeding activity pattern in a parasitic wasp when foraging in the field. Ecological research 25(2): 419-428.
Eliopoulos, Panagliotis A., Apostolos Kapranas, E. G. Givropoulou, and Ian CW Hardy. 2016. Reproductive efficiency of the bethylid wasp Cephalonomia tarsalis: the influences of spatial structure and host density. Bulletin of Entomological Research (): 1-9
Howard, R., and P. Flinn. 1990. Larval Trails of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera, Cucujidae) as Kairomonal Host-Finding Cues for the Parasitoid Cephalonomia waterstoni (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83: 239-245.
Klomp, H. 1980. Parasitic Wasps as Sleuthhounds Response of an Ichneumon Wasp To the Trail of Its Host. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 31(4): 762-772. (Poecilostictus cothurnatus, a parasitoid of the advanced larvae of the pine looper, Bupalus piniarius )
LeCato, G. 1975. Habitat-Influencing Predation by Xylocoris Flavipes (Reuter) (Hemiptera-Anthocoridae). Am. Midl. Nat. 93: 510-512.
Lorenz, S., C. Adler and C. Reichmuth. 2010. Penetration ability of Holepyris sylvanidis into the feeding substrate of its host Tribolium confusum. p. 721-725. In M. O. Carvalho, P. G. Fields, C. S. Adler, F. H. Arthur, C. G. Athanassiou, J. F. Campbell, F. Fleurat-Lessard, P. W. Flinn, R. J. Hodges, A. A. Isikber, S. Navarro, R. T. Noyes, J. Riudavets, K. K. Sinha, G. R. Thorpe, B. H. Timlick, P. Trematerra and N. D. G. White (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 27 June-2 July 2010, Estoril, Portugal. Julius Kühn-Institut, Berlin, Germany.
Mbata, G., S. Shu, T. Phillips, and S. Ramaswamy. 2004. Semiochemical cues used by Pteromalus cerealellae (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) to locate its host, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera : Bruchidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 97: 353-360.
Niedermayer, S., L. Krogmann, and J. L. M. Steidle. 2016. Lost in space? Host-finding ability of the parasitoids Lariophagus distinguendus and Anisopteromalus calandrae in empty grain storage facilities to control residual pest populations. BioControl 61: 379-386. (Sitophilus)
Press, J.W. 1988. Movement of a weevil parasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard), within a column of wheat in relation to host location. J. Agric. Entomol. 5: 205–208.
Press, J. 1992. Comparative Penetration Efficacy in Wheat between the Weevil Parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae and Choetospila elegans (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 27: 154-157.
Press, J. W., B. R. Flaherty, and R. T. Arbogast. 1979. Vertical dispersion and control efficacy of the predator Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter)(Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in farmers stock peanuts. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 52: 561-564.
Press, J., G. LeCato, and B. Flaherty. 1978. Influence of Media Particle-Size on Distribution of Predaceous Bug Xylocoris flavipes (Hemiptera-Anthocoridae). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 13: 274-278.
Steidle, J., and M. Schöller. 2000. Host finding of the granary weevil parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in storage environment. IOBC/wprs Bulletin 23: 135-141.
Stejskal, V., J. Lukáš, E. Žd’árková, M. Wakefield, and J. Hubert. 2002. Spatial arrangement of Venturia canescens and Ephestia kuehniella in the extremely infested pasta-producing factory: a case history, pp. 116-117. In E. Zdarkova, M. Wakefield, J. Lukas and J. Hubert (eds.), Biological Control of pest insects and mites with special reference of entomophthorales. Proceedings of the second meeting of working group 4, COST Action 842, 30-31 May 2002, Prague, Czech Republic. Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague, Czech Republic.
Stolk C., 2002.- Biocontrol in store: spatial and behavioural apsects of foraging by Uscana lariophaga, egg parasitoid of Callosobruchus maculatus, in stored cowpea, 160 p., PhD thesis, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
Stolk C., Stein A., Slumpa S. B., Tiase S. K., Van Huis A., 2001. Exploring the foraging environment of a natural enemy of Callosobruchus maculatus: spatial egg distribution in stored cowpea.- Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 101: 167-181.
Stolk, C., M. Ghimire, S. Souquie, W. van der Werf, and A. van Huis. 2005. Host finding by Uscana lariophaga (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) in stored cowpea: the effect of distance, time interval, host patch size and spatial orientation. Bull. Entomol. Res. 95: 231-241.
Stolk, C., W. v. d. Werf., and A. v. Huis. 2002. Bugs in space: aspects of the system Callosobruchus maculatus (Col.: Bruchidae) and Uscana lariophaga (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) in stored cowpea. IOBC/wprs Bulletin 25: 141-144.
Strand, M. R., H. J. Williams, S. B. Vinson and A. Mudd. 1989. Arrestment and trail following response of Bracon hebetor (Say) to kairomones from Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. J. Chem. Ecol, 15: 1491-1500.
van Alebeek, F.A.N., Antwi, K.K., van Arnold, H. and van Lenteren, J.C. 2007. Dispersal and functional response of Uscana lariophaga in two different habitats: stored cowpea pods and seeds. Bull Insectology 60: 63–70. (Callosobruchus maculatus)
Yao, W., and G. Lu. 1993. Investigation on the distribution of the predaceous bug Xylocoris galactinus in bulk-stored paddy. Chinese Journal of Biological Control 9: 96-97.
Reviews of current usage:
Amante, M., P. Suma, M. Schöller, and A. Russo. 2018. The Bethylidae (Hymenoptera): a tool for biological control programmes in food industries. IOBC-WPRS Bulletin 130: 135-138.
Prozell, Sabine and Matthias Schöller 2018. Does it really work? 25 years biological control in Germany p. 439-441. In Proceedings of the 12th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection (IWCSPP) in Berlin, Germany, October 7-11, 2018.
Schöller, M., S. Prozell, P. Suma, and A. Russo. 2018. Biological Control of Stored-Product Insects, pp. 183-209. In C. G. Athanassiou and F. Arthur (eds.), Recent Advances in Stored Product Protection. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Schöller, Matthias. 2015. Recent advances in the commercial application of beneficials against stored-product and cultural heritage pests. IOBC-WPRS Bulletin 111: 345-348.
Schöller, Matthias, and Sabine Prozell. 2014. Stored-product insects and their natural enemies in Germany: a species-inventory. IOBC-WPRS Bulletin 98: 27-34.
Flinn, P. W., and M. Schöller. 2012. Biological Control: Insect Pathogens, Parasitoids, and Predators, pp. 203-212. In D. W. Hagstrum, T. W. Phillips and G. Cuperus (eds.), Stored Product Protection, vol. S156. Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
Scholler M, Prozell S 2011. Biological control of cultural heritage pest Coleoptera and Lepidoptera with the help of parasitoid Hymenoptera. J Ent Acarol Res Ser II 43(2): 157-168
Schöller, M. 2010. Biological control of stored-product insects in commodities, food processing facilities and museums. p. 596-606. InM. O. Carvalho, P. G. Fields, C. S. Adler, F. H. Arthur, C. G. Athanassiou, J. F. Campbell, F. Fleurat-Lessard, P. W. Flinn, R. J. Hodges, A. A. Isikber, S. Navarro, R. T. Noyes, J. Riudavets, K. K. Sinha, G. R. Thorpe, B. H. Timlick, P. Trematerra and N. D. G. White (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 27 June-2 July 2010, Estoril, Portugal. Julius Kühn-Institut, Berlin, Germany.
Scholler, M. 2010. Prospects for biological control of stored-product pests, pp. 25-31. In C. Reichmuth and M. Schoeller (eds.), International European Symposium on Stored Product Protection “Stress on chemical products” 429, 25-26 May 2009, Berlin, Germany. Julius-Kühn-Archive
Hansen, L. S. 2007. Potential for widespread application of biological control of stored-product pests – the European perspective. J. Stored Prod. Res. 43: 312-313.
Schöller, M., P. W. Flinn, M. J. Grieshop, and E. Žďárková. 2006. Biological control of stored-product pests, p. 67-87. In J. W. Heaps (ed.), Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing, 2nd ed. AACC International, St Paul, MN.
Ambrosius, F., C. Adler, Ch Reichmuth, and J. L. M. Steidle. 2005. Invasion of Trichogramma evanescens into food packages and the risk of food contamination. Implementation of biocontrol in practice in temperate regions–present and near future. p. 109-118. In Proceedings of the Proceedings of the International Workshop “Implementation of Biocontrol in Practice in Temperate Regions – Present and Near Future” DIAS report 119, Flakkebjerg, Denmark.
Scholler, M. and Prozell, S. 2005. Natural enemies to control stored-product pests in grain stores and retail stores. pp. 85–106. In Proceedings of the Proceedings of the International Workshop “Implementation of Biocontrol in Practice in Temperate Regions – Present and Near Future”; DIAS Report No. 119: Flakkebjerg, Denmark.
Hansen, Lise Stengård and Tove Steenberg 2005. Potential of biocontrol of pests in grain stores and flour mills. p. 119-123. In Proceedings of the Proceedings of the International Workshop “Implementation of Biocontrol in Practice in Temperate Regions – Present and Near Future” DIAS report 119, Flakkebjerg, Denmark.
Schöller, M. 2004. Potential use of biological control of stored-product pests in bakeries and mills. 31-37. In: Stengård Hansen, L., Wakefield, M., Lukáš, J. & Stejskal, V. (eds.) Proceedings of the third meeting of working group 4 of COST Action 842, RICP, Prague
Stengard Hansen, L., C. Adler, C. Athanassiou, S. Cobanoglu, S. Dorn, H. Klapal, C. Mateus, J. Riudavets, P. Trematerra, M. Wakefield, and E. Zdarkova. 2004. Legal aspects of application of biological control on food storage and processing in different European countries, pp. 49-50. In L. Stengård Hansen, M. Wakefield, J. Lukáš and V. Stejskal (eds.), Biocontrol of Arthropod Pests in the Stored Products. Proceedings of the 3rd meeting of the Working Group IV of the COST Action 842 (1999-2004), 4-5 December 2003, Berlin, Germany. Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague, Czech Republic.
Prozell, S. and Schöller, M. 2003. Five years of biological control of stored-product moths in Germany. p. 322-324. In Credland, P.F., Armitage, D.M., Bell, C.H., Cogan, P.M. & Highley, E. eds. Advances in Stored Product Protection. Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 22.-26. July 2002, York, United Kingdom
Scholler, M., E. Žd’árková, J. Hubert, and J. Lukáš. 2002. Commercial application of parasitoids to control stored product pests in Germany and Austria, pp. 29-32. In E. Žd’árková, J. Hubert and J. Lukáš (eds.), Biological control of pest insects and mites, with special reference to entomophthorales. Proceedings of the First Meeting of Working Group 4, COST Action 842 (1999-2004), 6-7th September 2001, Lisbon, Portugal. Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague, Czech Republic.
Flinn, P. W. and D. W. Hagstrum. 2001. Augmentative releases of parasitoid wasps in stored wheat reduces insect fragments in flour. J. Stored Prod. Res. 37: 179-186.
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