Howe (1991) and Fundamentals of Stored-Product Entomology book describe the precautions necessary to rear healthy insects. At one time, the USDA Laboratory at Savannah, Georgia reared 26 species of stored-product insects (Miller et al 1969 Rearing Manual), Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory reared 21 species and the laboratory at Slough, UK was rearing 101 species (Anonymous 1971). The following list gives 161 papers describing rearing methods. There are more than 2000 records in the Atlas and SPIRes books on the suitability of different commodities for insect development and reproduction. Also, see the Suitability of Foods page on this website for additional records.
Mediouni and Dhouibi. (2007) investigated the influence of laboratory rearing on field performance of irradiated carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae. Badran et al. (2022), Ghaemmaghami et al. (2020), Momenian (2022) and Pratissoli et al. (2004) investigated changes in parasitoid populations with continuous laboratory rearing.
Abraham, Y., D. Moore and G. Godwin. 1990. Rearing and Aspects of Biology of Cephalonomia stephanoderis and Prorops nasuta (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) Parasitoids of the Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 80: 121-128.
Adashkevich, B. P., and Z. K. Saidova. 1984. Rearing of Habrobracon. Zashch. Rast. 5: 20-21.
Akinneye, J.O. and M.O. Ashamo, 2009. Evaluation of different diets for rearing cocoa moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Nig. J. Ent. 26: 29-33.
Alrubeai, Hussain F. 1987. Growth and development of Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under laboratory mass-rearing conditions. J. Stored Prod. Res. 23(3): 133-135.
Al-Taweel, A. A., M. S. H. Ahmed, M. J. Nasser and M. A. Shawkit. 1995. Reuse of the larval diet in mass rearing the fig moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 31(3): 249-251.
Anonymous 1971. Diet for Piophila casei: Rearing method. Insect Toxocologists’ Information Service 14: 47-48.
Anonymous 1971. Insect list and rearing media at Slough Tribolium Information Bulletin 14: 43-48. (Laboratory at Slough, England at one time reared the following 101 stored-product insect species on one of 40 culture media listed in the paper. Howe (1991) lists the species reared on wheatfeed.)
Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)
Achroia grisella (Fabricius)
Ahasverus advena (Waltl)
Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer)
Alphitobius laevigatus (Fabricius)
Alphitobius viator Mulsant and Godart
Alphitophagus bifasciatus (Say)
Anthrenocerus australis (Hope)
Anthrenus flavipes LeConte
Anthrenus olgae Kalik
Anthrenus sarnicus Mroczkowski
Anthrenus verbasci (Linnaeus)
Araecerus fasciculatus (DeGeer)
Attagenus pellio (Linnaeus)
Attagenus unicolor (Brahm)
Cadra calidella (Guenée)
Cadra cautella (Walker)
Cadra figulilella (Gregson)
Callosobruchus analis (Fabricius)
Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus)
Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius)
Callosobruchus rhodesianus (Pic)
Carpophilus dimidiatus (Fabricius)
Carpophilus hemipterus (Linnaeus)
Carpophilus marginellus Motschulsky
Caryedon serratus (Olivier)
Cathartus quadricollis (Guérin-Méneville)
Cryptolestes capensis (Waltl)
Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens)
Cryptolestes pusilloides (Steel and Howe)
Cryptolestes pusillus (Schönherr)
Cryptolestes turcicus (Grouvelle)
Cryptolestes ugandae Steel and Howe
Dermestes ater DeGeer
Dermestes frischii Kugelann
Dermestes haemorrhoidalis Küster
Dermestes lardarius Linnaeus
Dermestes maculatus Degeer
Dermestes peruvianus La Porte de Castelnau
Ephestia elutella (Hübner)
Ephestia kuehniella Zeller
Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus)
Gibbium psylloides (de Czenpinski)
Gnatocerus cornutus (Fabricius)
Gnatocerus maxillosus (Fabricius)
Habrobracon hebetor Say*
Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius)
Latheticus oryzae Waterhouse
Lophocateres pusillus (Klug)
Mezium affine Boieldieu
Mezium americanum (LaPorte de Castelnau)
Murmidius ovalis (Beck)
Necrobia ruficollis (Fabricius)
Necrobia rufipes (DeGeer)
Niditinea fuscella (Linnaeus)
Niptus hololeucus (Faldermann)
Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel)
Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus)
Palorus laesicollis (Fairmaire)
Palorus ratzeburgii (Wissmann)
Palorus subdepressus (Wollaston)
Paralipsa gularis (Zeller)
Pharaxonotha kirschii Reitter
Pseudeurostus hilleri (Reitter)
Ptinus latro Fabricius
Ptinus ocellus W. J.Brown (tectus)
Ptinus pusillus Sturm
Ptinus sexpunctatus Panzer
Pyralis farinalis (Linnaeus)
Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius)
Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus)
Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus)
Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky
Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier)
Stegobium paniceum (Linnaeus)
Stethomezium squamonus Hinton
Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus)
Tenebrio obscurus (Fabricius)
Tenebroides mauritanicus (Linnaeus)
Tinea columbariella Wocke
Tinea pellionella (Linnaeus)
Tineola bisselliella (Hummel)
Tipnus unicolor (Piller and Mitterpacher)
Tribolium anaphe Hinton
Tribolium brevicornis (LeConte)
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val
Tribolium destructor Uyttenboogaart
Tribolium madens (Charpentier)
Trigonogenius globosus Solier
Trigonogenius particularis Pic
Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst)
Trogoderma granarium Everts
Trogoderma grassmani Beal
Trogoderma inclusum LeConte
Trogoderma irroratus Reitt.
Trogoderma simplex Jayne
Trogoderma sternale Jayne
Trogoderma variabile Ballion
Typhaea stercorea (Linnaeus)
Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman)
Anonymous 1972. List of the species of which we maintain constant cultures. p. 63. 1971 Annual Report Statens Skadedyrlaboratorium/Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory annual report. Lyngby, Danmark.
Alphitobius diaperinus
Anagasta (Ephestia) kuehniella
Anobium punctatum
Anthrenus museorum
Anthrenus vorax
Attagenus cyphonoides (=alfierii)
Attagenus unicolor (=piceus)
Dermestes frichii
Lasioderma serricorne
Oryzaephilus mercator
Oryzaephilus surinamensis
Rhyzopertha dominica
Sitophilus granarius
Sitophilus oryzae
Stegobium (Sitodrepa) paniceum
Tenebrio molitor
Tenebrioides mauritanicus
Thylodrias contractus
Tribolium confusum
Tribolium destructor
Trogoderma granarium
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Applebaum, S., A. Konijn and B. Menco. 1971. Growth and Biochemical Adaptation of Larvae of Beetle Dermestes maculatus to Carbohydrate-Free Diets. Insect Biochemistry 1:1-13.
Apt, A. C. 1950. Method of rearing the flat grain beetle and the grain mite. J. Econ. Entomol. 43: 735-735.
Badran, Fatima, Yaghoub Fathipour, Abdoolnabi Bagheri, Mohammadreza Attaran, and Gadi VP Reddy. 2022. Effects of prolonged mass rearing on life history traits of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). International Journal of Pest Management 68(3): 246-255. These results suggest that up to a certain number of generations (G10), the quality of H. hebetor on Ephestia kuehniella significantly increased without adding field-collected parasitoids or changing the factitious host. To maintain the quality of the colony beyond this point, it should be rejuvenated by periodically adding field-collected individuals.
Baker, J. E. and R. E. Bry. 1987. Nutritional ecology of wool- and fur-feeding insects. p. 971-992. In Frank Slansky Jr. and J. G. Rodriguez (eds.) Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites, Spiders, and Related Invertebrates. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
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Bare, Clarence Owen, Joseph Nesbitt Tenhet, and Ross W. Brubacker. 1947. Improved techniques for mass rearing of the cigarette beetle and the tobacco moth. USDA ET-247.
Beck, S. 1971. Growth and Retrogression in Larvae of Trogoderma glabrum (Coleoptera-Dermestidae) .1. Characteristics Under Feeding and Starvation Conditions. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64:149-155.
Beckel, H. d. S., I. Lorini and S. M. N. Lazzari. 2007. Rearing method of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera, Silvanidae) on various wheat grain granulometry. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 51: 501-505.
Bennett, R. G. 1969. Method of Obtaining Free Immature Stages of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Col., Curculionidae). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 105: 199.
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Blankenship, J. W. and G. J. Miller. 1971. In vivo syntheses of phosphatidyl choline and ethanolamine in larvae of the dried-fruit moth. Journal of insect physiology 17(11): 2061-2067.
Boczek, J. 1964. Artificial medium for rearing some stored products mites. Acarologia 6: 392-398. supplement
Boles, H. P., and F. O. Marzke. 1966. Lepidoptera infesting stored products, p. 259-70. In Carroll N. Smith [ed.] Insect Colonization and Mass Production. Academic Press, New York and London.
Bond, E. J. and H. A. U. Monro. 1954. Rearing the cadelle, Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.) (Coleoptera: Ostomidae), as a test insect for insecticidal research. Can. Entomol. 86: 402-408.
Bronskill, J. 1961. A cage to simplify the rearing of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Pyralidae). J. Lep. Soc 15(2): 102-104.
Bruce, W. A. et al. 1975. A Simple Method of Dispensing Eggs of Plodia interpunctella. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society. 10(1): 74–75.
Bry, R. E. and R. Davis. 1985. Tribolium confusum and Tribolium castaneum. pp. 291-293. In P. Singh and R. F. Moore (ed.), Handbook of Insect Rearing, vol. 1. Elsevier, New York.
Bry, R. E. and R. Davis. 1985. Tineola bisselliella., pp. 483-485. In P. Singh and R. F. Moore (eds.), Handbook of Insect Rearing, vol. 2. Elsevier, New York.
Cerutti, F., Bigler, F., Eden, G. and Bosshart, S. 1992. Optimal larval density and quality control aspects in mass rearing of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zell. (Lepidoptera, Phycitidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 114: 353-361.
Chi, H. and W. M. Getz. 1988. Mass rearing and harvesting based on an age-stage, two-sex life table: a Potato Tuberworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) case study. Environ. Entomol. 17: 18-25.
Chippendale, G. M. 1970. Development of artificial diets for rearing the Angoumois grain moth. J. Econ. Entomol. 63: 844-848.
Chippendale, G. M. 1971. Growth and development of the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella in an aritificial diet. J. Insect Physiol. 17:109-115.
Chippendale, G. M. 1971. Observations on the physical and chemical composition of diets for the Angoumois grain moth. J. Insect Physiol. 17:1257-1266.
Chippendale, G. M. 1971. Lipid requirements of the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella. J. Insect Physiol. 17:2169-2177.
Chippendale, G. M. 1972. Dietary carbohydrates: Role in survival of the adult rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae. J. Insect Physiol. 18:949-957.
Chiu, S. P., Y. C. Tien, W. Y. Chou, C. C. Yu, C. H. Wang and C. K. Wang. 1980. Improved technique for mass rearing rice moth.” Chih wu pao hu hsueh pao.= Acta phytophylacica sinica 7: 153-158.
Cline, L. D. 1972. Rearing the lesser grain borer on ground dog biscuits to obtain mature larvae and pupae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 66: 551-552.
Cross, D. and R. Crabtree. 1978. Artificial Medium for Rearing Anobium punctatum (De Geer). Journal of the Institute of Wood Science 8: 34-37.
Daumal J; Marconi D; Chassain C, 1985. Small-scale automated rearing of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera- Pyralidae). Bulletin de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 54(1): 7-12
Davis, G. R. 1971. Protein nutrition of Tenebrio molitor L. XV. amino acid mixtures as replacements for protein of the artificial diet. Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 79:11-17.
Davis, G. R. 1972. Quantitative requirements of the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, for dietary glycine and l-threonine. J. Insect Physiol. 18:1287-1294.
Davis, R. and R. E. Bry. 1985. Cadra cautella. pp. 207-210. In P. Singh and R. F. Moore (eds.) Handbook of Insect Rearing, vol. 2. Elsevier, New York.
Davis, R. and R. E. Bry. 1985. Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, and Sitophilus zeamais., pp. 287-289. In P. Singh and R. F. Moore (ed.), Handbook of Insect Rearing vol. 1. Elsevier, New York.
Dowd, P. F. e. a. 1991. Labor-saving method for rearing a corn sap beetle, Carpophilus freemani Dbson (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), on pinto bean-based diet. J. Agric. Entomol. 8:149-153.
Edwards, D. R., N. C. Leppla and W. A. Dickerson. 1987. Arthropod species in culture. Entomological Society of America, College Park, Maryland 49 p.
Eischen, F., and A. Dietz. 1990. Improved culture techniques for mass rearing Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Entomol. News 101:123-128.
Fakharzadeh, A. R. 2002. Rearing of pomegranate neckworm (Ectomyelois ceratoniae) on artificial diet and investigation some stimulus factors on oviposition. Master of science thesis, Tehran University, Iran.
Finney, G. and D. Brinkman. 1967. Rearing the navel orangeworm in the laboratory. J. Entomol. Soc. Am. 60: 1109–1111.
Fletcher, F. W. and E. E. Kenaga. 1942. Rearing fabric pests. Soap and Sanitary Chemicals 18: 92-101.
Foott, W. H. and P. R. Timmins. 1979. The rearing and biology of Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in the laboratory. Can. Entomol. 111: 1337-1344.
Franek, Marian. 1975. Studies on the optimum conditions in laboratory cultures of the granary weevil – Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Col.: Curculionidae) for testing insecticides. III. Determination of the best rearing method of testing insects. Bull.Entomol.Pol. 45: 653-622.
Germanov, A. 1982. Development and behavior of larvae of Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. under conditions of mass rearing. Rasteniev dni Naeuki 19: 87-95.
Ghaemmaghami E, Fathipour Y, Bagheri A, Talebi AA, Reddy GVP. 2020. Quality control of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) over 45 generations of rearing on Sitotroga cerealella. Insect Sci. 28(1): 180-190. Female adult longevity was significantly different among sequential generations, ranging from 5.58 ± 2.5 d (at G5) to 3.75 ± 1.42 d (at G45). Although female wasps survived longer until the 15th generation, they allocated more days for egg laying at G5 and G10. Laboratory mass rearing colonies declined in quality after 15 generations and we suggest that they should be rejuvenated regularly by adding field collected parasitoids periodically.
Ghavami, S. 2006. Effects of three artificial diets on biological characteristics of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lep.: Pyralidae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran 25:63-76.
Ghimire, M. N. and T. W. Phillips. 2010. Mass rearing of Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on larvae of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): effects of host density, parasitoid density, and rearing containers. J. Stored Prod. Res. 46: 214-220.
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Gothilf, S. 1968. The biology of the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zell. in Israel. part 1. Mass culture on artificial diet. Israel J. Entomol. 3:109-118.
Gough, H. J. 1978. A Simple Method of Collecting and Handling Eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera) For Use In Culturing The Egg Parasite Trichogramma (Hymenoptera). Laboratory Practice 27(6): 480–481.
Gray, H. E. 1943. Stored food insects, p. 54-56. In F. L. Campbdl and F. R. Moulton [ed.] Laboratory procedures in studies of the chemical control of insects. Pub. no. 20, Amer. Ass. Advance. Sci., Washington, D.C.
Greene, Gerald L. 1996. Rearing techniques for Creophilus maxillosus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), a predator of fly larvae in cattle feedlots. Journal of Economic Entomology 89(4): 848-851.
Grimm, M., and P. J. T. Lawrence. 1975. Biological control of insects on the Ord. I. Production of Sitotroga cerealella for mass rearing of Trichogramma wasps. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia 16(4): 90-92.
Hall, R., J. Smilanick, and L. Ehler. 1978. Laboratory Rearing and Field Observations on Carpophilus mutilatus. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 71: 408-410.
Harein, P. K. and E. L. Soderstrom. 1966. Coleoptera infesting stored products. in C. N. Smith (ed.) Insect Colonization and Mass Production. Academic Press, N.Y.
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