Other pages on biological control are:
Conservation biological control for stored product insects
Insecticide Resistant Natural Enemies
Natural enemies of Tribolium castaneum
Phthorimaea operculella natural enemies
Prevalence of naturally occurring natural enemies
Egg parasitoids have the advantage of killing pest eggs before they hatch into larvae which can cause larval feeding damage to the stored commodity and have the disadvantage that egg mortality of pest is often quite high so many of the eggs parasitized would have died anyway before hatching. Host feeding has been observed and reported for ten species of Trichogramma, i. e., Trichogramma australicum (Nurindah and Gordh 1999), Trichogramma brassicae (Blanche et al. 1996, Lessard and Boivin 2013, Vasquez et al. 1997), Trichogramma chilonis (Suzuki et al. 1984, Miura and Kobayashi 1998), Trichogramma embryophagum (Ryvkin 1959), Trichogramma evanescens (Jacob and Boivin 2005), Trichogramma ostriniae (Vasquez et al. 1997), Trichogramma minutum (Vasquez et al. 1997), Trichogramma platneri (Hohmann et al. 1988, Mills and Kuhlmann 2004, Vasquez et al. 1997), Trichogramma pretiosum (Mills and Kuhlmann 2004, Rukmowati and Walter 2006, Vasquez et al. 1997) and Trichogramma turkestanica (Ferracini et al. 2006, Hansen and Jensen 2002, Schöller et al. 1996 as T. evanescens?). Hansen and Jensen 2002 reported that research on T. turkestanica had been reported under the name “Lager” strain T. evanescens in Germany (e.g., Schöller 1996, 2001). Ferracini et al. 2006 studied the benefits of host feeding for T. turkestanica. Destructive host feeding by T. brassicae, T. ostriniae and T. pretiosum averaged 19-29% and by T. minutum, T. platneri and T. turkestanica averaged between 50-63%.
Quite a few species of Trichogramma (55) can be added to the ten Trichogramma species given in the Stored-Product Insect Resources book as shown below. Brower 1984, Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Polaszek 2010 and Smith 1996 have provided extensive lists of Trichogramma hosts. A large number of Trichogramma species are known to attack Corcyra cephalonica, Ephestia kuehniella and Sitotroga cerealella because these stored-product insect species often are used as factitious hosts for rearing Trichogramma in the laboratory. Smith 1996 reviewed the literature on rearing Trichogramma and concluded that S. cerealella is used by producers in slightly more than half the countries. Several countries, including France and Canada, have switched to E. kuehniella. C. cephalonica, is used in Asian countries. Trichogramma emerging from E. kuehniella eggs are equivalent in quality in the field to those from or S. cerealella eggs, but better performance has been observed in the laboratory with E. kuehniella eggs, possibly because of their slightly larger size. In Stored-Product Insect Resoruce the host range, for the five species with the broadest range of stored-product insect pest species, varied from 8 (Trichogramma chilonis) to 22 (Trichogramma evanescens). In list below, Trichogramma brassicae and Trichogramma cacoeciae also attacked 8 species of stored-product insect pests.
Field scale studies of Trichogramma deion against Plodia interpunctella eggs in simulated retail store by Grieshop et al. 2006, Trichogramma pretiosum against Cadra cautella and P. interpunctella eggs in bulk stored peanuts by Brower 1988, T. turkestanica against E. kuehniella eggs in flour mill by Hansen and Jensen 2002b are cited in SPI Res, but not identified as field scale studies. Three additional field scale studies have been published (T. evanescens against E. kuehniella eggs in flour mill by Tuncbilik et al. 2008 and in bakery by Prozell and Scholler 1998; Trichogramma nubilale against Phthorimaea operculella eggs in potato storage by Chouvalitwongporn 1993). Scholler et al 1994, 1996 investigated the depth of penetration of wheat by T. evanescens and T. embryophagum. In above studies, egg parasitization ranged from 11 to 97%. Also, E. kuehniella and/or S. cerealella egg cards have been used in vineyard (Barnay et al. 2001) and olive grove (Hegazi et al. 2012, Herz et al. 2007) to monitor several species of Trichogramma. Kuske et al. 2003 used E. kuehniella egg cards to monitor the dispersal of Trichogramma brassicae in the field.
Several studies have shown the not all Trichogramma recognized Apomyelois ceratoniae, E. kuehniella or S. cerealella eggs as hosts. Ksentini et al. 2013 showed that Trichogramma oleae and Trichogramma bourarachae did not recognize A. ceratoniae or E. kuehniella eggs as hosts. Monje et al. 1999 showed that Trichogramma galloi did not recognize S. cerealella eggs as hosts. Reznik et al 2001 showed that half of Trichogramma principium parasitized S. cerealella eggs on the first day of adult life, 10% refused to parasitize and the rest delayed parasitization 2-19 days, and Reznik et al 2009 showed that Trichogramma buesi did not recognized S. cerealella eggs as hosts. Rundle et al. 2004 found that Trichogramma funiculatum did not recognize S cerealella eggs as hosts.
Trichogramma acacioi Brun, Moraes & Soares
Hosts: Ephestia kuehniella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Pratissoli et al. 2008, 2009
Trichogramma achaeae Nagaraja and Nagarkatti
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica, Pectinophora gossypiella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Jalali 2013, Polaszek 2010, Rao and Suhas 1987
Trichogramma agriae Nagaraja
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica
Sources: Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma agrotidis Voegelé and Pintureau
Hosts: Ephestia kuehniella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma aurosum Sugonjaev and Sorokina
Hosts: Cydia pomonella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma australicum Girault
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica
Sources: Kareem et al. 1977, Medina and Cadapan 1981
Trichogramma bournieri Pintureau and Babault
Hosts: Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Haile et al. 2002
Trichogramma bourarachae Pintureau and Babault
Hosts: Apomyelois ceratoniae, Ephestia kuehniella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma brasiliensis Ashmead
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica, Phthorimaea operculella
Sources: Bharti et al. 1994, Harwalkar et 1987
Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko
Hosts: Apomyelois ceratoniae, Cadra cautella, Cydia pomonella, Ephestia kuehniella, Galleria mellonella, Pectinophora gossypiella. Plodia interpunctella, Sitotroga cerealella, Tineola bisselliella
Sources: Bigler et al. 1987, Iranipour et al. 2009, Polaszek 2010, Steidle et al. 2001, Wajnberg et al. 2000, Zimmermann et al. 2003
Trichogramma buesi Voegelé
Hosts: Ephestia kuehniella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal
Hosts: Apomyelois ceratoniae, Cadra cautella, Cydia pomonella, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Galleria mellonella, Phthorimaea operculella, Plodia interpunctella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Barnay et al. 1999, Bennett et al. 2002, Ksentini et al. 2013, Makee 2005, Mansour 2010, Ozder and Kara 2010, Polaszek 2010, Saour 2004, Scholler 2001, Vourlioti and Milonas 2005-2006
Trichogramma californicum Nagaraja and Nagarkatti
Hosts: Ephestia kuehniella
Sources: Rajendram 1978
Trichogramma carverae Oatman and Pinto
Hosts: Cadra cautella, Ephestia kuehniella
Sources: Steidle et al. 2001
Trichogramma cephalciae Hochmut and Martinek
Hosts: Ephestia kuehniella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
Hosts: Cadra cautella, Corcyra cephalonica, Cydia pomonella, Ephestia kuehniella, Galleria mellonella, Leguminivora glycinivorella, Pectinophora gossypiella, Phthorimaea operculella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Hugar et al. 1990, Paul et al. 1981, Polaszek 2010, Reay-Jones et al. 2006, Saljoqi et al. 2012
Trichogramma chilotraeae Nagaraja and Nagarkatti
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica, Ephestia kuehniella
Sources: Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Medina and Cadapan 1981, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma closterae Pang and Chen
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma cordubense Vargas and Cabello
Hosts: Apomyelois ceratoniae, Ephestia kuehniella
Sources: Polaszek 2010, Roriz et al. 2006
Trichogramma cultellus Jose, Hirose and Honda
Hosts: Ephestia kuehniella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma danubiense Birova and Kazimirova
Hosts: Ephestia kuehniella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma daumalae Dugast and Voegelé
Hosts: Cydia pomonella, Ephestia kuehniella, Galleria mellonella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma deion Pinto & Oatman
Hosts: Ephestia kuehniella, Plodia interpunctella
Sources: Grieshop et al. 2006, 2008, Schöller and Fields 2002
Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura
Hosts: Cadra cautella, Corcyra cephalonica, Cydia pomonella, Ephestia kuehniella, Galleria mellonella, Leguminivora glycinivorella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Hegazi et al. 2000, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma elegantum Sorokina
Hosts: Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma embryophagum (Hartig)
Hosts: Apomyelois ceratoniae, Corcyra cephalonica, Cydia pomonella, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Pectinophora gossypiella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Klomp and Teerink. 1978, Polaszek 2010, Poorjavad et al. 2011
Trichogramma erosicornis Westwood
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica, Ephestia cautella, Ephestia kuehniella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault)
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica, Cydia pomonella, Ephestia kuehniella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Polaszek 2010, Tuncbilek et al. 2012
Trichogramma evanescens Westwood
Hosts: Acanthoscelides obtectus, Achroia grisella, Apomyelois ceratoniae, Cadra calidella, Cadra cautella, Cydia pomonella, Corcyra cephalonica, Dermestes maculates, Endrosis lactella, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Etiella zinckenella, Galleria mellonella, Maruca vitrata, Pectinophora gossypiella, Phthorimaea operculella, Plodia interpunctella, Sitotroga cerealella, Tribolium castaneum
Sources: Boldt and Marston 1974, Boldt et al. 1973, Boldt 1974, Ksentini et al. 2013, Lewis and Redlinger 1969, Polaszek 2010, Prozell and Scholler 1998, Saour 2004, Scholler 2000, 2001, Tuncbilek et al. 2008
Trichogramma exiguum (Pinto and Platner)
Hosts: Cadra cautella, Corcyra cephalonica, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Dass et al. 1983, Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Paul et al. 1981
Trichogramma fasciatum (Perkins)
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica
Sources: Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Ram and Sharma 1977
Trichogramma hesperidis Nagaraja
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica
Sources: Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Jalali 2013, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma ingricum Sorokina
Hosts: Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma ivelae Pang and Chen
Hosts: Carpocapsa pomonella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: McLaren and Rye 1983, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead
Hosts: Achroia grisella, Corcyra cephalonica, Ephestia cautella, Galleria mellonella, Pyralis farinalis, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Bentur et al. 1994, Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma jezoense Ishii
Hosts: Leguminivora glycinivorella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma kilinceri Bulut and Kilinçer
Hosts: Cydia pomonella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma lopezandinensis Sarmiento
Hosts: Tecia solanivora
Sources: Rubio et al. 2004
Trichogramma minutum Riley
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica, Cydia pomonella, Ephestia kuehniella, Galleria mellonella, Plodia interpunctella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Alden and Farlinger 1931, Boldt 1974, Boldt and Marston 1974, Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Losey 1995, Schöller and Fields 2002
Trichogramma nubilale Ertle and Davis
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica, Phthorimaea operculella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Chouvalitwongporn 1993, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma oleae Voegelé and Pointel
Hosts: Cadra calidella, Cadra cautella, Ephestia kuehniella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma ostriniae Pang and Chen
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica, Ephestia cautella, Ephestia kuehniella, Galleria mellonella, Plodia interpunctella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Grieshop et al. 2008, Hoffmann et al. 2001, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma pallidiventris Nagaraja
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica
Sources: Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Hussein et al. 1996, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma papilionis Nagarkatti
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma parkeri Nagarakatti
Hosts: Cadra cautella
Sources: Brower 1984
Trichogramma pelovi Kostadinov
Hosts: Cydia pomonella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma perkinsi Girault
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Callejas 1980, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma piceum Dyurich
Hosts: Sitotroga cerealella, Tineola bisselliella
Sources: Zimmermann et al. 2003
Trichogramma pintoi Voegelé
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica, Ephestia kuehniella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma plasseyense Nagaraja
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica
Sources: Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti
Hosts: Amyelois transitella, Cadra cautella, Cryptoblabes gnidiella, Cydia pomonella, Ephestia kuehniella, Plodia interpunctella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Hohmann et al. 1988, Losey 1995, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma poliae Nagaraja
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica
Sources: Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma pretiosum Riley
Hosts: Cadra cautella, Cadra figulilella, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Galleria mellonella, Phthorimaea operculella, Plodia interpunctella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Boldt and Marston 1974, Boldt et al. 1973, Brower 1983, 1984, 1988, Grieshop et al. 2008, Losey 1995, Morrison et al.1976, Orphanides and Gonzalez. 1971, Pratissoli and Parra 2000, Pratissoli et al. 2008, Schöller and Fields 2002, Steidle et al. 2001
Trichogramma principium Sugonjaev and Sorokina
Hosts: Apomyelois ceratoniae, Cydia pomonella, Ephestia kuehniella, Phthorimaea operculella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Makee 2005, Polaszek 2010, Poorjavad et al. 2011, Reznik et al. 2001, Saour 2004
Trichogramma raoi Nagaraja
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica
Sources: Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma retorridum Girault
Hosts: Ephestia kuehniella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Orphanides and Gonzalez. 1971
Trichogramma savalense Sorokina
Hosts: Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma semblidis (Aurivillius)
Hosts: Corcyra cephalonica, Cydia nigricana, Cydia pomonella, Ephestia kuehniella, Phthorimaea operculella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Hayat and Viggiani 1984, Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma semifumatum (Perkins)
Hosts: Ephestia kuehniella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Rounbehler and Ellington 1973, Taylor and Stern 1971
Trichogramma sibericum Sorokina
Hosts: Ephestia kuehniella, Plodia interpunctella
Sources: Polaszek 2010, Schöller and Fields 2002
Trichogramma silvestre Sorokina
Hosts: Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma sorokinae Kostadinov
Hosts: Ephestia kuehniella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma turkeiensis Bulut and Kilinçer
Hosts: Cydia pomonella, Ephestia kuehniella, Sitotroga cerealella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
Trichogramma turkestanica Meyer
Hosts: Ephestia kuehniella
Sources: Hansen 2000a,b; Hansen and Jensen 2002a
Trichogramma yawarae Hirai and Fursov
Hosts: Ephestia kuehniella
Sources: Polaszek 2010
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