Infestation of commodities in the field prior to harvest can be an important consideration in developing a pest management program for stored-product insects. Duhamel du Monceau and Tillet (1762) provided convincing evidence of field infestation of wheat by the Angoumois grain moth in France and Simmons and Ellington (1927) studied field infestation of wheat by this moth in the US. Fundamentals of Stored Product Entomology in Table 4.2 on pages 60-62 lists 19 insect species infesting 16 crops prior to harvest in 18 countries. Stored Product Insect Resource adds 42 species that infest commodities in the field prior to harvest and reproduce during storage, and another 137 insect species that infest commodities in the field in sufficient numbers to be a problem requiring pest management during storage but do not reproduce during storage. Below are 79 additional studies on pre-harvest infestation of cereal grains, coffee,dates, kola, legumes and potatoes, 24 on effectiveness of pre-harvest insecticide applications, 6 on the survival of field pests in commodities during storage and 13 on infestations of apples, olives, peaches or grapes by Sitophilus zeamais and Rhyzopertha dominica in orchards and vineyards.
Insect species infesting commodities prior to harvest that reproduce during storage (60)
Col., Bruchidae Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)
Col., Silvanidae Ahasverus advena (Waltl)
Lep., Cosmopterigidae Anatrachyntis rileyi (Walsingham)
Lep., Pyralidae Apomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller)
Col., Tenebrionidae Apsena rufipes Eschscholtz
Col., Anthribidae Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer)
Hom., Coccidae Aspidiella hartii (Cockerell)
Col., Curculionidae Balanogstris kolae (Desbrochers)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius incarnatus (Boheman)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius uberatus Fåhraeus
Lep., Pyralidae Cadra calidella Guenee
Lep., Pyralidae Cadra cautella (Walker)
Col., Bruchidae Callosobruchus analis (Fabricius)
Col., Bruchidae Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus)
Col., Bruchidae Callosobruchus dolichosi (Gyllenhal)
Col., Bruchidae Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius)
Col., Bruchidae Callosobruchus phaseoli (Gyllenhal)
Col., Bruchidae Callosobruchus subinnotatus (Pic)
Col., Bruchidae Callosobruchus theobromnae (Linnaeus)
Col., Nitidulidae Carpophilus dimidatus (Fabricius)
Col., Nitidulidae Carpophilus fumatus Boheman
Col., Bruchidae Caryedon serratus (Olivier)
Col., Silvanidae Cathartosilvanus trivialis (Grouvelle)
Col., Silvanidae Cathartus quadricollis (Guerin-Meneville)
Col., Curculionidae Caulophilus oryzae (Gyllenhal)
Col., Nitidulidae Colopterus denticulatus (Sharp)
Lep., Pyralidae Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere)
Col., Laemophloeidae Cryptolestes biskrensis (Grouvel)
Col., Laemophloeidae Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens)
Col., Curculionidae Cylas brunneus (Fabricius)
Col., Curculionidae Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers)
Col., Curculionidae Cylas puncticollis Boheman
Lep., Pyralidae Etiella behrii Zeller
Col., Tenebrionidae Gnatocerus maxillosus (Fabricius)
Col., Bruchidae Pachymerus cardo (Fahraeus)
Col., Scolytidae Pagiocerus frontalis (Fabricius)
Hom., Coccidae Planococcus citri (Risso)
Hom., Coccidae Planococcus dioscoreae Williams
Hom., Coccidae Planococcus maritimus (Erhorn)
Lep., Pyralidae Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)
Col., Bostrichidae Prostephanus truncatus (Horn)
Col., Bostrichidae Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius)
Col., Silvanidae Silvanolomus crenicollis (Grouvelle)
Col., Silvanidae Silvanolomus goughi Halstead
Col., Silvanidae Silvanus inarmatus Wollaston
Col., Curculionidae Sitophilus linearis (Herbst)
Col., Curculionidae Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus)
Col., Curculionidae Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky
Lep., Gelechiidae Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier)
Col., Curculionidae Sophrorhinus duvernoyi Faust
Col., Curculionidae Sophrorhinus gbanjaensis Daramola and Taylor
Col., Curculionidae Sophrorrhinus insperatus (Faust)
Col., Curculionidae Sophrorhinus kolae Haustache
Col., Curculionidae Sophrorhinus quadricristatus Faust
Col., Curculionidae Sophrorhinus pujoli Hoffmann
Col., Curculionidae Sophrorhinus schedli Voss
Col., Tenebrionidae Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
Col., Mycetophagidae Typhaea stercorea (Linnaeus)
Col., Bruchidae Zabrotes sylvestris Romero and Johnson
Insect species infesting commodities prior to harvest but not reproducing during storage (137)
Col., Bruchidae Acanthoscelides argillaceus (Sharp)
Col., Bruchidae Acanthoscelides chilensis (Schilsky)
Col., Bruchidae Acanthoscelides clandestinus (Motschulsky)
Col., Bruchidae Acanthoscelides griseolus (Fall)
Col., Bruchidae Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (Schaeffer)
Col., Bruchidae Acanthoscelides obvelatus Bridwell
Col., Bruchidae Acanthoscelides pallidipennis (Motschulsky)
Col., Bruchidae Acanthoscelides puellus (Sharp)
Col., Bruchidae Acanthoscelides zeteki Kingsolver
Lep., Pyralidae Acrobasis caryae Grote
Lep., Pyralidae Acrobasis nuxvorella Neunzig
Lep., Pyralidae Acrobasis vaccinii Riley
Lep., Pyralidae Amyelois transitella (Walker)
Lep., Gelechiidae Anarsia lineatella Zeller
Lep., Arctiidae Apisa bourgognei Kiriakoff
Lep., Tortricidae Archips argyrospilus (Walker)
Lep., Pyralidae Arenipses sabella Hampson
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius albosparsus (Fåhraeus
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius alfierii (Pic)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius algiricus Allard
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius andrewesi (Pic)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius bimaculatus Olivier
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius cassiae Arora
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius dorsalis (Fahraeus)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius glycyrrhizae (Fåhraeus)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius lividimanus (Gyllenhal)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius jocosus Gyllenhal
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius murinus (Boheman)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius notatus Chujo
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius pauper (Boheman)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius quinqueguttatus (Olivier)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius sahlbergi Schilsky
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius saundersi (Jekel)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius trifolii (Motschoulsky)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius unicolor (Olivier)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius urbanus (Sharp)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchidius varius (Olivier)
Hym., Eurytomidae Bruchophagus caraganae (Nikol’skaya)
Hym., Eurytomidae Bruchophagus gibbus (Boheman)
Hym., Eurytomidae Bruchophagus glycyrrhizae (Nikol’skaya)
Hym., Eurytomidae Bruchophagus mellipes Gahan
Hym., Eurytomidae Bruchophagus platypterus (Walker)
Hym., Eurytomidae Bruchophagus roddi (Gussakovskii)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus affinis Froelich
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus atomarius (Linnaeus)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus brachialis Fahraeus
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus dentipes (Baudi)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus emarginatus Allard
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus ervi Froelich
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus lentis Froelich
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus loti Paykull
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus luteicornis Illiger
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus pisorum (Linnaeus)
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus rufimanus Boheman
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus rufipes Herbst
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus signaticornis Gyllenhal
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus tristiculus Fahraeus
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus tristis Boheman
Col., Bruchidae Bruchus viciae Olivier
Col., Bruchidae Callosobruchus cajanis Arora
Col., Bruchidae Callosobruchus imitator Kingsolver
Col., Bruchidae Callosobruchus pulcher (Pic)
Col., Bruchidae Callosobruchus rhodesianus (Pic)
Col., Bruchidae Callosobruchus utidai Tuda
Col., Curculionidae Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman
Col., Curculionidae Cleonus capillosus Csiki
Col., Scolytidae Coccotrypes dactyliperda (Fabricius)
Lep., Gracillariidae Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen)
Lep., Tortricidae Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower)
Col., Curculionidae Curculio caryae (Horn)
Col., Curculionidae Curculio nacum Linnaeus
Col., Curculionidae Curculio obtusus (Blanchard)
Col., Curculionidae Curculio occidentis (Casey)
Col., Curculionidae Curculio sayi (Gyllenhal)
Lep., Tortricidae Cydia amplana (Hübner)
Lep., Tortricidae Cydia caryana (Fitch)
Lep., Tortricidae Cydia latiferreanus (Walsingham)
Lep., Tortricidae Cydia nigricana (Fabricius)
Lep., Tortricidae Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus)
Lep., Tortricidae Cydia splendana (Hübner)
Col., Curculionidae Cylas compressus Hartmann
Col., Curculionidae Cylas cyanescens Boheman
Col., Curculionidae Cylas femoralis (Faust)
Col., Curculionidae Cylas hovanus Hustache
Col., Curculionidae Cylas nicrocoerulans Fairmaire
Col., Curculionidae Cylas vanderplasi Voss
Lep., Tortricidae Cyptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower)
Col., Curculionidae Dinocleus pilosus (LeConte)
Hem., Pyrrhocoridae Dysdercus cingulatus (Fabricius)
Lep., Pyralidae Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke)
Hym., Eurytomidae Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein
Hym., Eurytomidae Eurytoma onobrychidis Nikol’skaya
Col., Curculionidae Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire)
Lep., Pyralidae Euzophera osseatella Treitschke
Col., Scolytidae Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)
Lep., Tortricidae Leguminivora glycinivorella (Matsumura)
Lep., Tortricidae Leguminivora ptychora (Meyrick)
Col., Curculionidae Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel
Lep., Noctuidae Litoprosopus coachellae (Hill)
Col., Bruchidae Megabruchidius tonkineus (Pic)
Col., Bruchidae Meibomeus surrubresus (Pic)
Col., Bruchidae Mimosestes mimosae (Fabricius)
Lep., Pyralidae Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot
Hem., Lygaeidae Nysius vinitor Bergroth
Lep., Gelechiidae Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders
Lep., Gelechiidae Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)
Lep., Tineidae Phthoropoca oenochares (Meyrick)
Dip., Sciaridae Phytosciara zingiberis (Sasakawa)
Col., Curculionidae Piezotrachelus varium (Wagner)
Lep., Noctuidae Plusia argentifera Guenée
Dip., Sciaridae Pnyxia scabiei Hopkins
Dip., Sciaridae Psilosciara flammulinae (Sasakawa)
Col., Laemophloeidae Rhabdophloeus concolor Sharp
Col., Scolytidae Scolytus dimidiatus Chapuis
Col., Bruchidae Sennius abbreviatus (Say)
Col., Bruchidae Sennius discolor (Horn)
Col., Bruchidae Sennius morosus (Sharp)
Col., Curculionidae Sitona hispidulus (Fabricius)
Col., Curculionidae Sophrorrhinus insperatus (Faust)
Col., Bruchidae Specularius bridwelli Arora
Col., Bruchidae Specularius erythraeus Pic
Col., Bruchidae Specularius impressithorax (Pic)
Col., Bruchidae Specularius maindroni (Pic)
Col., Bruchidae Specularius sulcaticollis Pic
Col., Bruchidae Spermophagus albosparsus Gyllenhal
Col., Bruchidae Spermophagus latithorax Boheman
Col., Bruchidae Spermophagus sericeus (Geoffroy)
Lep., Heliodinidae Stathmopoda auriferella (Walker)
Col., Bruchidae Stator pruininus (Horn)
Col., Nitidulidae Stelidota geminata (Say)
Dip., Cecidomyiidae Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillet)
Col., Bruchidae Sulcobruchus kingsolveri Arora
Hym., Eurytomidae Systole albipennis Walker
Hym., Eurytomidae Systole coriandri Nikol ‘skaya
Hym., Eurytomidae Systole geniculata Foerster
Lep., Gelechiidae Tecia solanivora (Povolny)
Lep., Tortricidae Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick)
Pre-harvest infestation
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Yoshii, T., Ikeuti, T. and Isimoto, S. 1958. Control measures against the field infestation of standing wheat and barley by the rice weevil. Rep. Koti Agric. Exp. Sta. 1, 17-19 (in Japanese).
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Preharvest insecticide applications
Ahmed, I. A., Kiyawa, S. A., Maryam, T. A., Kutama, A. S. and Isah, I. B. 2014. Effects of Pre-harvest application of Lamda-cyhalothrin and Neem seed extracts in the management of Cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera:Bruchidae) on stored cowpea. Global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Science 3(3): 100-105.
Ben Salah, H. and R. Aalbu. 1992. Field Use of Granulosis Virus to Reduce Initial Storage Infestation of the Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), in North Africa. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 38: 119–126.
Biradar, S. 2001. Influence of pre-harvest insecticidal spray on seed yield and quality and post-harvest seed treatment on storability of greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilzeck). M. Sc. (Agri.) Thesis, Univ. Agric. Sci., Dharwad, Karnataka (India).
Borikar, P.S. and V.M. Pawar, 1998. Effect of insecticidal application on field infestation and carry-over of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). Agric. Sci. Digest (Karnal), 18: 271-273.
Carino, F. O. and B. Morallo-Rejesus. 1976. Control of Sitophilus zeamais and Rhizopertha dominica by pre-harvest sprays and sack treatment with three insecticides in three sorghum varieties. Philippine Agriculturist 60: 81-95.
Dakshinamurthy, A. 1991. Pre harvest spray of insecticide in maize for the management of Sitotroga cerealella in storage. Bull. Grain Technol. 29:63-64.
Dakshinamurthy, A., A. Regupathy, and S. C. Goel. 1992. Pre-harvest spray of insecticides for the management of Sitotroga cerealella Olivier on rice, pp. 218-224. In Anonymous Bioecology and control of insect pests: Proceedings of the National Symposium on Growth, Development & Control Technology of Insect Pests. Uttar
Divyashri, J. 2006. Effect of Pre-Harvest Sanitation Spray on Seed Yield, Quality and Post-Harvest Seed Storability in Greengram (Vigna Radiata (l.) Wilczek). MS thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Dharwad
Hamby, K. A., N. L. Nicola, F. J. A. Niederholzer, and F. G. Zalom. 2015. Timing Spring Insecticide Applications to Target both Amyelois transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Anarsia lineatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Almond Orchards. J. Econ. Entomol. 108:683-693.
Harper, A. M. and P. E. Blakeley. 1968. Survival of Rhopalosiphum padi in stored grain during cold weather. J. Econ. Entomol. 61(5): 1455.
Jayaraj, J., G. Srinivasan, and M. Shanthi. 2019. Pre-Harvest and Storage Treatment of Botanicals on Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) in Black Gram. Indian Journal of Entomology 81 (4): 727–29.
Kawuki, R.S., A. Agona, P. Nampala, E. Adipala. 2005. A comparison of effectiveness of plant-based and synthetic insecticides in the field management of pod and storage pests of cowpea. Crop Protection 24: 473–478.
Kabeh, J.D. and N.E.S. Lale, 2004. Effect of pre-harvest spray of neem (Azadirachta indicea, A. Juss.) seed products and pirimiphos-methyl and harvest time modification on infestation of cowpeas by storage bruchids in the field and stores in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Nig. J. Entomol., 21: 104-116.
Kabeh, Joshua Dauda 2007. Harvest Time Modification, Neem Seed Products and Pirimiphos-Methyl as Methods of Reducing Field Infestation of Cowpeas by Storage Bruchids in the Nigerian Guinea Savannah. International Journal of Agricultural Research, 2: 870-876.
Lale, N. E. S., and J. D. Kabeh. 2004. Pre-harvest spray of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed products and pirimiphos-methyl as a method of reducing field infestation of cowpeas by storage bruchids in the Nigerian Sudan savanna. Int. J. Agric. Bio 6: 987-993.
Longiswaran, G. and M. S. Venugopal. 1994. Efficacy of neem oil, insecticides and their combinations on pre-harvest infestation by rice Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. Pesticide Research Journal 6:98-99.
Majumder, S. K. ; Krishnamurthy, K.; Godavari Bai, S. 1961. Pre-harvest prophylaxis for infestation control in stored food grains. Nature 192: 375-376.
Michaelraj, S. 2006. Studies on pre-harvest infestation and management of key pests of stored maize by plant products and insecticides. Doctoral dissertation, Indian Agricultural Research Institute; New Delhi, India.
Naveena, N. L., C. S. Jagadeesh Babu, and M. Byregowda. 2010. Evaluation of Biopesticides against Field Infestation of Bruchid, Callasobruchus theobromae L. on Fieldbean, Dolichos Lablab. Journal of Biopesticides 3(3): 622–623.
Opolot, H.N., Agona, A., Kyamanywa, S., Mbata, G.N. and Adipala, E. 2006. Integrated field management of cowpea pests using synthetic and botanical pesticides. Crop Prot 25(11): 1145–1152
Owera F, 2002. Field management of Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera; Bruchidae).Msc thesis Makerere University
Ramzan, M., R. P. Chawla and B. S. Chahal. 1986. Efficacy of pre-harvest application of some insecticides on wheat for post-harvest protection against storage-pests. Pesticides 20: 50-51.
Sharma, R.K. 1995. Preharvest spray for the control of Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) and Sitophilus oryzae (Linn.) in stored maize. Indian J. Entomol., 57: 157–158
Singh, Karan. 1979. Pre-harvest spray of malathion and DDVP for controlling the insect infestation of stored grain. International Pest Control May/June 21: 66-67.
Swamy, SVS Gopala, and B. John Wesley 2020. Field infestation of certain stored grain insect pests in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 8(4): 1725-1728.
Survival of field pests in stored commodities
Chiang,H.C. 1964. Overwintering corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, larvae in storage cribs. J. Econ. Entomol. 57: 666-669.
Morrill, W. L., G. L. Jensen, D. K. Weaver, J. W. Gabor and W. T. Lanier. 1992. Cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), incidence at harvest and survival in storage in Montana. J. Entomol. Sci. 27: 1-4.
Potter, M. A., A. Carpenter, A. Stocker and S. Wright. 1994. Controlled atmospheres for the postharvest disinfestations of Thrips obscuratus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 87: 1251-1255.
Patch, L.H. 1933. The infestation of corn ears by the European corn borer and cribbed corn as an auxiliary source of infestation. USDA Circ. 275.
Polivka, J.B. and E. A. Herr. 1929. The behavior of the corn borer in stored corn. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bimonthly Bull. 138: 103-105.
Wilde, G. 1976. Fate of European corn borer larvae in stored shelled grain (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 49: 557.
Field infestation – orchard, vineyard
Afonso, Ana Paula Schneid, João Luiz Faria, Marcos Botton, and Alci Enimar Loeck. 2005. Controle de Sitophilus zeamais Mots., 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) com inseticidas empregados em frutíferas temperadas.( Sitophilus zeamais Mots., 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) control with insecticides used in temperate fruits) Ciência Rural 35(2): 253-258.
Botton, M., I. Lorini, A. E. Loeck, and A. P. S. Afonso. 2005. O gorgulho do milho Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) como praga em frutíferas de clima temperado. (The maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as a pest in temperate fruit trees) Bento Gonçalves: Embrapa Uva e Vinho. Embrapa Uva e Vinho.Circular técnica, 58
Botton, M., I. Lorini, and A. Afonso. 2005. Ocorrência de Sitophilus zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) danificando a cultura da videira no Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil (Sitophilus zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) damaging vineyards in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Neotropical Entomology 34: 355-356.
Buonocore, E., D. L. Monaco, A. Russo, H. P. Aberlenc, and G. T. Garzia. 2017. Rhyzopertha dominica (F., 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae): a stored grain pest on olive trees in Sicily. EPPO Bulletin 47: 263-268.
Hickel, E. R., and E. Schuck. 2008. Pet‑milho: armadilha para o monitoramento do gorgulho‑do‑milho, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), em parreirais. (Pet-milho: trap for monitoring of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in vineyards). Agropecuária Catarinense 21:51-54.
Hickel, E.R.and Schuck, E. 2005.Infestação e danos do gorgulho‑do‑milho em videira. (Infestation and damage of corn weevil on vine) Agropecuária Catarinense, Itacorubi 18: 49‑52.
Hinds, W. E. and W. F. Turner. 1911. Life history of the rice weevil (Calandra oryza L.) in Alabama. J. Econ. Entomol. 4: 230-236. Weevils observed feeding in the field before corn matures attack immature fruit of peach and apple, sucking the juice and gradually forming cavities within which they may be entirely concealed and even present a real burrowing habit. On such fruits weevils have been kept alive for more than six weeks in spite of a decayed condition of the fruit.
Lorenzato, D.; Grellmann, E.O. 1987. Resistência de maçãs, em dezesseis cultivares comerciais de macieiras (Malus domestica Bork), frente ao ataque do gorgulho do milho Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). (Resistance of apples in sixteen commercial cultivars of apple trees (Malus domestica Bork), against the attack of the corn weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)) Agronomia Sulriograndense 23(1): 3-10.
Nörnberg, Sandro Daniel . 2012. Bases para o manejo de Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) em pomares de pessegueiro e macieira. (Bases for the management of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in peach and apple orchards) Tese (Doutorado em Fitossanidade). Programa de Pós-graduação em Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal de Pelotas.
Nörnberg, S. D., D. E. Nava, A. D. Grützmacher, J. M. S. Bento, Â. L. Ozelame, and L. K. Hübner. 2013. Flutuação populacional e distribuição de Sitophilus zeamais em pomares de pessegueiro e macieira (Population dynamics and distribution of Sitophilus zeamais in peach and apple orchards.) . Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 48: 358-364.
Nörnberg, Sandro Daniel, Anderson Dionei Grützmacher, Dori Edson Nava, Ricardo Alexandre Valgas, and Angelo Luis Ozelame. 2016. Residual effects of pesticides in peach orchards on the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 38(3): e017.
Nörnberg, Sandro Daniel, Anderson Dionei Grützmacher, José Mauricio Simões Bento, Cornel Adler, and Dori Edson Nava. 2018. Unusual behavior of oviposition and development of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in peach and apple fruits. Phytoparasitica 46(1): 69-74. The average of egg-to-adult developmental time was 47.4 d in peach and and 45.1 d apple fruits, respectively, while in corn grains, its natural host, the duration was 38.2 d.
Scheunemann, Tiago, Sandro Daniel Nörnberg, R. da S. Gonçalves, AD Grützmacher, and de Nava. 2013. Ocorrência e distribuição de ataque de Sitophilus zeamais (coleoptera: curculionidae) em plantas de pessegueiro e macieira. (Occurrence and distribution of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) attack on peach and apple plants) In Embrapa Clima Temperado-Artigo em anais de congresso (ALICE). In: Congresso de Iniciação Científica, 22.; Encontro de Pós-Graduação, 15., Pelotas.[Anais.]. Pelotas: UFPel
storedproductinsects 