Burges and Weiser 1973, Schöller 1998, Rumbos 2017a, b and Martynov 2017 together lists 28 natural enemies for Tribolium castaneum. Table 1 Natural Enemies has these 28 and 43 other species for totals of 11 bacterium, 15 fungi, 13 protozoan, 10 nematodes, 7 acarina, 1 coleopteran, 8 hemipteran and 6 hymenopteran species. Wakil et al. (2014) list an additional 13 species of entomopathogenic fungi naturally occurring on T. castaneum. The acarina are in the families Acarophenacidae (2), Ascidae (2), Cheyletidae (1) and Pyemotidae (1), the hemipteran are in the families Anthocoridae (4), Joppeicidae (1) and Reduviidae (3) and the hymenopteran in the families Bethylidae (3), Pteromalidae (2) and Trichogrammatidae (1). The majority of natural enemies are pathogens (49) or predators (16) with only 6 are parasitoids. Only one of parasitoids, Holepyris sylvanidis, has been studied extensively on T. castaneum. More than one primary pathogen was recorded in 52.6% of the samples of Tribolium castaneum (Njila and Mwansat 2012). The majority of studies were on efficacy of natural enemies in the laboratory (62) with fewer studies on natural occurrence (24) and only 9 on field efficacy.
Other pages on biological control are:
Conservation biological control for stored product insects
Insecticide Resistant Natural Enemies
Phthorimaea operculella natural enemies
Prevalence of naturally occurring natural enemies
Trichogramma natural enemies of stored-product insects
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